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Code Editor : import.html

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<title>Importing Modules &#8212; Python 2.7.18 documentation</title>
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 <section id="importing-modules">
<h1>Importing Modules<a class="headerlink" href="#importing-modules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModule">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ImportModule(const char *name)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This is a simplified interface to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx" title="PyImport_ImportModuleEx"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModuleEx()</code></a> below,
leaving the globals and locals arguments set to NULL and level set
to 0. When the name
argument contains a dot (when it specifies a submodule of a package), the
fromlist argument is set to the list <code class="docutils literal notranslate">['*']</code> so that the return value is the
named module rather than the top-level package containing it as would otherwise
be the case. (Unfortunately, this has an additional side effect when name in
fact specifies a subpackage instead of a submodule: the submodules specified in
the package’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__all__</code> variable are loaded.) Return a new reference to the
imported module, or NULL with an exception set on failure. Before Python 2.4,
the module may still be created in the failure case — examine <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code>
to find out. Starting with Python 2.4, a failing import of a module no longer
leaves the module in <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.4: Failing imports remove incomplete module objects.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.6: Always uses absolute imports.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock(const char *name)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This version of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModule()</code></a> does not block. It’s intended
to be used in C functions that import other modules to execute a function.
The import may block if another thread holds the import lock. The function
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock" title="PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock()</code></a> never blocks. It first tries to fetch
the module from sys.modules and falls back to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModule()</code></a>
unless the lock is held, in which case the function will raise an
<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">ImportError</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ImportModuleEx(char *name, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *globals, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *locals, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *fromlist)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>, as the standard <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a> function calls
this function directly.
The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package,
or NULL with an exception set on failure (before Python 2.4, the module may
still be created in this case). Like for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>, the return value
when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the top-level package,
unless a non-empty fromlist was given.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.4: Failing imports remove incomplete module objects.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.6: The function is an alias for <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel" title="PyImport_ImportModuleLevel"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModuleLevel()</code></a> with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> as level, meaning relative import.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ImportModuleLevel(char *name, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *globals, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *locals, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *fromlist, int level)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModuleLevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Import a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>, as the standard <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a> function calls
this function directly.
The return value is a new reference to the imported module or top-level package,
or NULL with an exception set on failure. Like for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>,
the return value when a submodule of a package was requested is normally the
top-level package, unless a non-empty fromlist was given.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_Import">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_Import(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *name)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_Import" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This is a higher-level interface that calls the current “import hook function”.
It invokes the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a> function from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">__builtins__</code> of the
current globals. This means that the import is done using whatever import hooks
are installed in the current environment, e.g. by <a class="reference internal" href="../library/rexec.html#module-rexec" title="rexec: Basic restricted execution framework. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">rexec</code></a> or <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ihooks</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.6: Always uses absolute imports.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ReloadModule">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ReloadModule(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *m)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ReloadModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Reload a module. This is best described by referring to the built-in Python
function <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#reload" title="reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">reload()</code></a>, as the standard <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#reload" title="reload"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">reload()</code></a> function calls this
function directly. Return a new reference to the reloaded module, or NULL
with an exception set on failure (the module still exists in this case).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_AddModule">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_AddModule(const char *name)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_AddModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return the module object corresponding to a module name. The name argument
may be of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">package.module</code>. First check the modules dictionary if
there’s one there, and if not, create a new one and insert it in the modules
dictionary. Return NULL with an exception set on failure.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
This function does not load or import the module; if the module wasn’t already
loaded, you will get an empty module object. Use <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModule()</code></a>
or one of its variants to import a module. Package structures implied by a
dotted name for name are not created if not already present.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ExecCodeModule(char *name, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *co)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Given a module name (possibly of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">package.module</code>) and a code object
read from a Python bytecode file or obtained from the built-in function
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">compile()</code></a>, load the module. Return a new reference to the module object,
or NULL with an exception set if an error occurred. Before Python 2.4, the
module could still be created in error cases. Starting with Python 2.4, name
is removed from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code></a> in error cases, and even if name was already
in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code></a> on entry to <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ExecCodeModule()</code></a>. Leaving
incompletely initialized modules in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code></a> is dangerous, as imports of
such modules have no way to know that the module object is an unknown (and
probably damaged with respect to the module author’s intents) state.
The module’s <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__file__</code> attribute will be set to the code object’s
<code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate">co_filename</code>.
This function will reload the module if it was already imported. See
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ReloadModule" title="PyImport_ReloadModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ReloadModule()</code></a> for the intended way to reload a module.
If name points to a dotted name of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">package.module</code>, any package
structures not already created will still not be created.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.4: name is removed from <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.modules" title="sys.modules"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code></a> in error cases.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx(char *name, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *co, char *pathname)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModuleEx" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Like <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExecCodeModule" title="PyImport_ExecCodeModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ExecCodeModule()</code></a>, but the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">__file__</code> attribute of
the module object is set to pathname if it is non-<code class="docutils literal notranslate">NULL</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetMagicNumber">
long PyImport_GetMagicNumber()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetMagicNumber" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pyc</code> and
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">.pyo</code> files). The magic number should be present in the first four bytes
of the bytecode file, in little-endian byte order.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetModuleDict">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_GetModuleDict()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetModuleDict" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return the dictionary used for the module administration (a.k.a.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.modules</code>). Note that this is a per-interpreter variable.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_GetImporter">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyImport_GetImporter(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *path)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_GetImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return an importer object for a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path</code></a>/<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">pkg.__path__</code> item
path, possibly by fetching it from the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path_importer_cache</code></a>
dict. If it wasn’t yet cached, traverse <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_hooks" title="sys.path_hooks"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path_hooks</code></a> until a hook
is found that can handle the path item. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> if no hook could;
this tells our caller it should fall back to the built-in import mechanism.
Cache the result in <a class="reference internal" href="../library/sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path_importer_cache</code></a>. Return a new reference
to the importer object.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyImport_Init">
void _PyImport_Init()<a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyImport_Init" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Initialize the import mechanism. For internal use only.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_Cleanup">
void PyImport_Cleanup()<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_Cleanup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Empty the module table. For internal use only.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyImport_Fini">
void _PyImport_Fini()<a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyImport_Fini" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Finalize the import mechanism. For internal use only.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyImport_FindExtension">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *_PyImport_FindExtension(char*, char*)<a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyImport_FindExtension" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>For internal use only.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyImport_FixupExtension">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *_PyImport_FixupExtension(char*, char*)<a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyImport_FixupExtension" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>For internal use only.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModule">
int PyImport_ImportFrozenModule(char *name)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ImportFrozenModule" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Load a frozen module named name. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> for success, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> if the
module is not found, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> with an exception set if the initialization
failed. To access the imported module on a successful load, use
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ImportModule" title="PyImport_ImportModule"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ImportModule()</code></a>. (Note the misnomer — this function would
reload the module if it was already imported.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c">
struct _frozen</dt>
<dd>This is the structure type definition for frozen module descriptors, as
generated by the freeze utility (see <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Tools/freeze/</code> in the
Python source distribution). Its definition, found in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Include/import.h</code>,
is:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>struct _frozen {
 char *name;
 unsigned char *code;
 int size;
};
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c var">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_FrozenModules">
struct _frozen *PyImport_FrozenModules<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_FrozenModules" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This pointer is initialized to point to an array of <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">struct _frozen</code>
records, terminated by one whose members are all NULL or zero. When a frozen
module is imported, it is searched in this table. Third-party code could play
tricks with this to provide a dynamically created collection of frozen modules.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_AppendInittab">
int PyImport_AppendInittab(const char *name, void (*initfunc)(void))<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_AppendInittab" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Add a single module to the existing table of built-in modules. This is a
convenience wrapper around <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="PyImport_ExtendInittab"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ExtendInittab()</code></a>, returning <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> if
the table could not be extended. The new module can be imported by the name
name, and uses the function initfunc as the initialization function called
on the first attempted import. This should be called before
<a class="reference internal" href="init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">Py_Initialize()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c">
struct _inittab</dt>
<dd>Structure describing a single entry in the list of built-in modules. Each of
these structures gives the name and initialization function for a module built
into the interpreter. Programs which embed Python may use an array of these
structures in conjunction with <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="PyImport_ExtendInittab"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyImport_ExtendInittab()</code></a> to provide
additional built-in modules. The structure is defined in
<code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Include/import.h</code> as:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>struct _inittab {
 char *name;
 void (*initfunc)(void);
};
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyImport_ExtendInittab">
int PyImport_ExtendInittab(struct _inittab *newtab)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyImport_ExtendInittab" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Add a collection of modules to the table of built-in modules. The newtab
array must end with a sentinel entry which contains NULL for the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">name</code>
field; failure to provide the sentinel value can result in a memory fault.
Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> if insufficient memory could be allocated to
extend the internal table. In the event of failure, no modules are added to the
internal table. This should be called before <a class="reference internal" href="init.html#c.Py_Initialize" title="Py_Initialize"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">Py_Initialize()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

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