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Code Editor : set.html

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<title>Set Objects &#8212; Python 2.7.18 documentation</title>
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 <section id="set-objects">
<h1>Set Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#set-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded" id="index-0">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
This section details the public API for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a>
objects. Any functionality not listed below is best accessed using the either
the abstract object protocol (including <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_CallMethod" title="PyObject_CallMethod"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_CallMethod()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_RichCompareBool" title="PyObject_RichCompareBool"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_RichCompareBool()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Hash" title="PyObject_Hash"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_Hash()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Repr" title="PyObject_Repr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_Repr()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_IsTrue" title="PyObject_IsTrue"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_IsTrue()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_Print" title="PyObject_Print"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_Print()</code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="object.html#c.PyObject_GetIter" title="PyObject_GetIter"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyObject_GetIter()</code></a>) or the abstract number protocol (including
<a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_And" title="PyNumber_And"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_And()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Subtract" title="PyNumber_Subtract"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_Subtract()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Or" title="PyNumber_Or"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_Or()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_Xor" title="PyNumber_Xor"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_Xor()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceAnd" title="PyNumber_InPlaceAnd"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_InPlaceAnd()</code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract" title="PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract()</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceOr" title="PyNumber_InPlaceOr"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_InPlaceOr()</code></a>, and
<a class="reference internal" href="number.html#c.PyNumber_InPlaceXor" title="PyNumber_InPlaceXor"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyNumber_InPlaceXor()</code></a>).
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySetObject">
type PySetObject<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySetObject" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This subtype of <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">PyObject</code></a> is used to hold the internal data for both
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> objects. It is like a <a class="reference internal" href="dict.html#c.PyDictObject" title="PyDictObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">PyDictObject</code></a>
in that it is a fixed size for small sets (much like tuple storage) and will
point to a separate, variable sized block of memory for medium and large sized
sets (much like list storage). None of the fields of this structure should be
considered public and are subject to change. All access should be done through
the documented API rather than by manipulating the values in the structure.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c var">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> PySet_Type<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">PyTypeObject</code></a> representing the Python
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> type.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c var">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFrozenSet_Type">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject">PyTypeObject</a> PyFrozenSet_Type<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_Type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>This is an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">PyTypeObject</code></a> representing the Python
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> type.
</dd></dl>

The following type check macros work on pointers to any Python object. Likewise,
the constructor functions work with any iterable Python object.
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Check">
int PySet_Check(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *p)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return true if p is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> object or an instance of a subtype.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFrozenSet_Check">
int PyFrozenSet_Check(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *p)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return true if p is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> object or an instance of a
subtype.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.6.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyAnySet_Check">
int PyAnySet_Check(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *p)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyAnySet_Check" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return true if p is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> object, a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> object, or an
instance of a subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyAnySet_CheckExact">
int PyAnySet_CheckExact(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *p)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyAnySet_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return true if p is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> object or a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> object but
not an instance of a subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFrozenSet_CheckExact">
int PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *p)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_CheckExact" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return true if p is a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> object but not an instance of a
subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PySet_New(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *iterable)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> containing objects returned by the iterable. The
iterable may be NULL to create a new empty set. Return the new set on
success or NULL on failure. Raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> if iterable is not
actually iterable. The constructor is also useful for copying a set
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">c=set(s)</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyFrozenSet_New">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PyFrozenSet_New(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *iterable)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyFrozenSet_New" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return a new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> containing objects returned by the iterable.
The iterable may be NULL to create a new empty frozenset. Return the new
set on success or NULL on failure. Raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> if iterable is
not actually iterable.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.6: Now guaranteed to return a brand-new <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a>. Formerly,
frozensets of zero-length were a singleton. This got in the way of
building-up new frozensets with <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">PySet_Add()</code>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The following functions and macros are available for instances of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a>
or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> or instances of their subtypes.
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Size">
Py_ssize_t PySet_Size(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *anyset)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return the length of a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> object. Equivalent to
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(anyset)</code>. Raises a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_SystemError</code> if anyset is not a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a>, or an instance of a subtype.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.5: This function returned an <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">int</code>. This might require changes in
your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_GET_SIZE">
Py_ssize_t PySet_GET_SIZE(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *anyset)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_GET_SIZE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Macro form of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PySet_Size" title="PySet_Size"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PySet_Size()</code></a> without error checking.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Contains">
int PySet_Contains(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *anyset, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *key)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Contains" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> if found, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> if not found, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> if an error is encountered. Unlike
the Python <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__contains__()</code> method, this function does not automatically
convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets. Raise a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> if
the key is unhashable. Raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_SystemError</code> if anyset is not a
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a>, or an instance of a subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Add">
int PySet_Add(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *set, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *key)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Add" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Add key to a <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> instance. Does not apply to <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a>
instances. Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> on failure. Raise a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> if
the key is unhashable. Raise a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">MemoryError</code> if there is no room to grow.
Raise a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SystemError</code> if set is not an instance of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> or its
subtype.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.6: Now works with instances of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> or its subtypes.
Like <a class="reference internal" href="tuple.html#c.PyTuple_SetItem" title="PyTuple_SetItem"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate">PyTuple_SetItem()</code></a> in that it can be used to fill-in the
values of brand new frozensets before they are exposed to other code.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The following functions are available for instances of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> or its
subtypes but not for instances of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#frozenset" title="frozenset"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a> or its subtypes.
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Discard">
int PySet_Discard(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *set, <a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *key)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Discard" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">1</code> if found and removed, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code> if not found (no action taken), and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">-1</code> if an
error is encountered. Does not raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code> for missing keys. Raise a
<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> if the key is unhashable. Unlike the Python <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">discard()</code>
method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into
temporary frozensets. Raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">PyExc_SystemError</code> if set is not an
instance of <a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> or its subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Pop">
<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *PySet_Pop(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *set)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Pop" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Return a new reference to an arbitrary object in the set, and removes the
object from the set. Return NULL on failure. Raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">KeyError</code> if the
set is empty. Raise a <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">SystemError</code> if set is not an instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="../library/stdtypes.html#set" title="set"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code></a> or its subtype.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PySet_Clear">
int PySet_Clear(<a class="reference internal" href="structures.html#c.PyObject" title="PyObject">PyObject</a> *set)<a class="headerlink" href="#c.PySet_Clear" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a> </dt>
<dd>Empty an existing set of all elements.
</dd></dl>

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