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2to3.rst.txt
14.3
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__builtin__.rst.txt
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__future__.rst.txt
4.84
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__main__.rst.txt
535
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_winreg.rst.txt
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abc.rst.txt
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aepack.rst.txt
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aetools.rst.txt
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aetypes.rst.txt
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aifc.rst.txt
6.92
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al.rst.txt
5.18
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allos.rst.txt
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anydbm.rst.txt
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archiving.rst.txt
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argparse.rst.txt
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array.rst.txt
10.28
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ast.rst.txt
10.23
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asynchat.rst.txt
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asyncore.rst.txt
12.63
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atexit.rst.txt
3.82
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audioop.rst.txt
10.15
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autogil.rst.txt
1015
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base64.rst.txt
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basehttpserver.rst.txt
10.16
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bastion.rst.txt
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bdb.rst.txt
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binascii.rst.txt
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binhex.rst.txt
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bisect.rst.txt
5.29
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bsddb.rst.txt
7.4
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bz2.rst.txt
7.88
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calendar.rst.txt
11.02
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carbon.rst.txt
15.58
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cd.rst.txt
11.69
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cgi.rst.txt
22.32
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cgihttpserver.rst.txt
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cgitb.rst.txt
2.81
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chunk.rst.txt
4.84
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cmath.rst.txt
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cmd.rst.txt
8.36
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code.rst.txt
6.95
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codecs.rst.txt
65.4
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codeop.rst.txt
3.69
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collections.rst.txt
40.48
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colorpicker.rst.txt
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colorsys.rst.txt
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commands.rst.txt
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compileall.rst.txt
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compiler.rst.txt
36.59
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configparser.rst.txt
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constants.rst.txt
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contextlib.rst.txt
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cookie.rst.txt
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cookielib.rst.txt
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copy.rst.txt
3.27
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copy_reg.rst.txt
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crypt.rst.txt
2.24
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crypto.rst.txt
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csv.rst.txt
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ctypes.rst.txt
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curses.ascii.rst.txt
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curses.panel.rst.txt
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curses.rst.txt
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custominterp.rst.txt
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datatypes.rst.txt
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datetime.rst.txt
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dbhash.rst.txt
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dbm.rst.txt
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debug.rst.txt
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decimal.rst.txt
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development.rst.txt
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difflib.rst.txt
30
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dircache.rst.txt
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dis.rst.txt
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distribution.rst.txt
426
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distutils.rst.txt
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dl.rst.txt
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doctest.rst.txt
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docxmlrpcserver.rst.txt
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dumbdbm.rst.txt
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dummy_thread.rst.txt
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dummy_threading.rst.txt
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easydialogs.rst.txt
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email-examples.rst.txt
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email.charset.rst.txt
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email.encoders.rst.txt
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email.errors.rst.txt
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email.generator.rst.txt
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email.header.rst.txt
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email.iterators.rst.txt
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email.message.rst.txt
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email.mime.rst.txt
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email.parser.rst.txt
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email.rst.txt
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email.utils.rst.txt
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ensurepip.rst.txt
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errno.rst.txt
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exceptions.rst.txt
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fcntl.rst.txt
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filecmp.rst.txt
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fileformats.rst.txt
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fileinput.rst.txt
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filesys.rst.txt
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fl.rst.txt
17.23
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fm.rst.txt
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fnmatch.rst.txt
3.03
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formatter.rst.txt
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fpectl.rst.txt
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fpformat.rst.txt
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fractions.rst.txt
5.17
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framework.rst.txt
11.18
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frameworks.rst.txt
378
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ftplib.rst.txt
15.35
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functions.rst.txt
73.75
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functools.rst.txt
7.27
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future_builtins.rst.txt
1.96
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gc.rst.txt
8.8
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gdbm.rst.txt
4.77
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gensuitemodule.rst.txt
3.04
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getopt.rst.txt
6.51
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getpass.rst.txt
1.83
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gettext.rst.txt
28.36
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gl.rst.txt
5.87
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glob.rst.txt
2.36
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grp.rst.txt
2.2
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gzip.rst.txt
4.71
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hashlib.rst.txt
7.21
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heapq.rst.txt
12.88
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hmac.rst.txt
3
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hotshot.rst.txt
4.19
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htmllib.rst.txt
7.21
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htmlparser.rst.txt
11.37
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httplib.rst.txt
36.58
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i18n.rst.txt
409
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ic.rst.txt
4.89
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idle.rst.txt
21.66
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imageop.rst.txt
3.91
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imaplib.rst.txt
16.82
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imgfile.rst.txt
2.7
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imghdr.rst.txt
2.57
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imp.rst.txt
12.3
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importlib.rst.txt
1.1
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imputil.rst.txt
6.86
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index.rst.txt
2.23
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inspect.rst.txt
27.49
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internet.rst.txt
950
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intro.rst.txt
2.74
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io.rst.txt
38.11
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ipc.rst.txt
630
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itertools.rst.txt
35.67
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jpeg.rst.txt
3.77
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json.rst.txt
24.95
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keyword.rst.txt
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language.rst.txt
523
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linecache.rst.txt
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locale.rst.txt
24.39
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logging.config.rst.txt
30.82
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logging.handlers.rst.txt
27.49
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logging.rst.txt
45.78
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mac.rst.txt
791
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macos.rst.txt
3.73
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macosa.rst.txt
3.87
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macostools.rst.txt
3.92
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macpath.rst.txt
650
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mailbox.rst.txt
66.53
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mailcap.rst.txt
3.59
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markup.rst.txt
1.22
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marshal.rst.txt
5.56
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math.rst.txt
10.66
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md5.rst.txt
2.75
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mhlib.rst.txt
3.87
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mimetools.rst.txt
4.4
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mimetypes.rst.txt
9.61
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mimewriter.rst.txt
3.28
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mimify.rst.txt
3.44
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miniaeframe.rst.txt
2.5
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misc.rst.txt
248
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mm.rst.txt
447
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mmap.rst.txt
10.24
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modulefinder.rst.txt
3.3
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modules.rst.txt
382
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msilib.rst.txt
18.62
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msvcrt.rst.txt
4.24
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multifile.rst.txt
6.46
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multiprocessing.rst.txt
90.45
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mutex.rst.txt
1.89
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netdata.rst.txt
432
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netrc.rst.txt
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new.rst.txt
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nis.rst.txt
2.06
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nntplib.rst.txt
14.19
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numbers.rst.txt
7.82
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numeric.rst.txt
751
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operator.rst.txt
21.57
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optparse.rst.txt
75.29
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os.path.rst.txt
12.79
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os.rst.txt
80.64
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ossaudiodev.rst.txt
16.9
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othergui.rst.txt
2.66
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parser.rst.txt
15.02
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pdb.rst.txt
15.67
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persistence.rst.txt
826
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pickle.rst.txt
36.39
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pickletools.rst.txt
1.95
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pipes.rst.txt
3.7
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pkgutil.rst.txt
7.53
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platform.rst.txt
9.33
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plistlib.rst.txt
4.04
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popen2.rst.txt
6.86
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poplib.rst.txt
6.07
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posix.rst.txt
3.54
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posixfile.rst.txt
7.03
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pprint.rst.txt
8.86
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profile.rst.txt
27.99
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pty.rst.txt
1.72
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pwd.rst.txt
2.66
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py_compile.rst.txt
2.42
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pyclbr.rst.txt
3.22
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pydoc.rst.txt
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pyexpat.rst.txt
28.21
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python.rst.txt
514
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queue.rst.txt
6.87
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quopri.rst.txt
2.61
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random.rst.txt
13.01
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re.rst.txt
53.81
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readline.rst.txt
10.27
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repr.rst.txt
4.61
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resource.rst.txt
9.37
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restricted.rst.txt
3.25
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rexec.rst.txt
11.47
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rfc822.rst.txt
13.71
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rlcompleter.rst.txt
2.44
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robotparser.rst.txt
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runpy.rst.txt
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sched.rst.txt
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scrolledtext.rst.txt
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select.rst.txt
20.26
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sets.rst.txt
14.62
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sgi.rst.txt
322
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sgmllib.rst.txt
10.41
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sha.rst.txt
2.74
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shelve.rst.txt
8.12
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shlex.rst.txt
11.05
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shutil.rst.txt
13.17
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signal.rst.txt
10.47
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simplehttpserver.rst.txt
4.45
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simplexmlrpcserver.rst.txt
10.63
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site.rst.txt
7.7
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smtpd.rst.txt
2.41
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smtplib.rst.txt
14.56
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sndhdr.rst.txt
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socket.rst.txt
39.81
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socketserver.rst.txt
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someos.rst.txt
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spwd.rst.txt
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sqlite3.rst.txt
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ssl.rst.txt
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stat.rst.txt
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statvfs.rst.txt
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stdtypes.rst.txt
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string.rst.txt
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stringio.rst.txt
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stringprep.rst.txt
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strings.rst.txt
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struct.rst.txt
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subprocess.rst.txt
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sun.rst.txt
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sunau.rst.txt
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sunaudio.rst.txt
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symbol.rst.txt
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symtable.rst.txt
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sys.rst.txt
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sysconfig.rst.txt
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syslog.rst.txt
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tabnanny.rst.txt
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tarfile.rst.txt
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telnetlib.rst.txt
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tempfile.rst.txt
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termios.rst.txt
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test.rst.txt
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textwrap.rst.txt
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thread.rst.txt
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threading.rst.txt
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time.rst.txt
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timeit.rst.txt
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tix.rst.txt
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tk.rst.txt
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tkinter.rst.txt
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token.rst.txt
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tokenize.rst.txt
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trace.rst.txt
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traceback.rst.txt
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ttk.rst.txt
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tty.rst.txt
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turtle.rst.txt
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types.rst.txt
6.05
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undoc.rst.txt
6.4
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unicodedata.rst.txt
5.59
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unittest.rst.txt
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unix.rst.txt
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urllib.rst.txt
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urllib2.rst.txt
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urlparse.rst.txt
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user.rst.txt
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userdict.rst.txt
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uu.rst.txt
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uuid.rst.txt
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warnings.rst.txt
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wave.rst.txt
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weakref.rst.txt
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webbrowser.rst.txt
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whichdb.rst.txt
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windows.rst.txt
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winsound.rst.txt
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wsgiref.rst.txt
29.85
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xdrlib.rst.txt
7.89
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xml.dom.minidom.rst.txt
10.95
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xml.dom.pulldom.rst.txt
1.53
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xml.dom.rst.txt
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xml.etree.elementtree.rst.txt
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Code Editor : hashlib.rst.txt
:mod:`hashlib` --- Secure hashes and message digests ==================================================== .. module:: hashlib :synopsis: Secure hash and message digest algorithms. .. moduleauthor:: Gregory P. Smith <greg@krypto.org> .. sectionauthor:: Gregory P. Smith <greg@krypto.org> .. versionadded:: 2.5 .. index:: single: message digest, MD5 single: secure hash algorithm, SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 **Source code:** :source:`Lib/hashlib.py` -------------- This module implements a common interface to many different secure hash and message digest algorithms. Included are the FIPS secure hash algorithms SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 (defined in FIPS 180-2) as well as RSA's MD5 algorithm (defined in Internet :rfc:`1321`). The terms secure hash and message digest are interchangeable. Older algorithms were called message digests. The modern term is secure hash. .. note:: If you want the adler32 or crc32 hash functions, they are available in the :mod:`zlib` module. .. warning:: Some algorithms have known hash collision weaknesses, refer to the "See also" section at the end. There is one constructor method named for each type of :dfn:`hash`. All return a hash object with the same simple interface. For example: use :func:`sha1` to create a SHA1 hash object. You can now feed this object with arbitrary strings using the :meth:`update` method. At any point you can ask it for the :dfn:`digest` of the concatenation of the strings fed to it so far using the :meth:`digest` or :meth:`hexdigest` methods. .. index:: single: OpenSSL; (use in module hashlib) Constructors for hash algorithms that are always present in this module are :func:`md5`, :func:`sha1`, :func:`sha224`, :func:`sha256`, :func:`sha384`, and :func:`sha512`. Additional algorithms may also be available depending upon the OpenSSL library that Python uses on your platform. For example, to obtain the digest of the string ``'Nobody inspects the spammish repetition'``: >>> import hashlib >>> m = hashlib.md5() >>> m.update("Nobody inspects") >>> m.update(" the spammish repetition") >>> m.digest() '\xbbd\x9c\x83\xdd\x1e\xa5\xc9\xd9\xde\xc9\xa1\x8d\xf0\xff\xe9' >>> m.digest_size 16 >>> m.block_size 64 More condensed: >>> hashlib.sha224("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition").hexdigest() 'a4337bc45a8fc544c03f52dc550cd6e1e87021bc896588bd79e901e2' A generic :func:`new` constructor that takes the string name of the desired algorithm as its first parameter also exists to allow access to the above listed hashes as well as any other algorithms that your OpenSSL library may offer. The named constructors are much faster than :func:`new` and should be preferred. Using :func:`new` with an algorithm provided by OpenSSL: >>> h = hashlib.new('ripemd160') >>> h.update("Nobody inspects the spammish repetition") >>> h.hexdigest() 'cc4a5ce1b3df48aec5d22d1f16b894a0b894eccc' This module provides the following constant attribute: .. data:: hashlib.algorithms A tuple providing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module. .. versionadded:: 2.7 .. data:: algorithms_guaranteed A set containing the names of the hash algorithms guaranteed to be supported by this module on all platforms. .. versionadded:: 2.7.9 .. data:: algorithms_available A set containing the names of the hash algorithms that are available in the running Python interpreter. These names will be recognized when passed to :func:`new`. :attr:`algorithms_guaranteed` will always be a subset. The same algorithm may appear multiple times in this set under different names (thanks to OpenSSL). .. versionadded:: 2.7.9 The following values are provided as constant attributes of the hash objects returned by the constructors: .. data:: hash.digest_size The size of the resulting hash in bytes. .. data:: hash.block_size The internal block size of the hash algorithm in bytes. A hash object has the following methods: .. method:: hash.update(arg) Update the hash object with the string *arg*. Repeated calls are equivalent to a single call with the concatenation of all the arguments: ``m.update(a); m.update(b)`` is equivalent to ``m.update(a+b)``. .. versionchanged:: 2.7 The Python GIL is released to allow other threads to run while hash updates on data larger than 2048 bytes is taking place when using hash algorithms supplied by OpenSSL. .. method:: hash.digest() Return the digest of the strings passed to the :meth:`update` method so far. This is a string of :attr:`digest_size` bytes which may contain non-ASCII characters, including null bytes. .. method:: hash.hexdigest() Like :meth:`digest` except the digest is returned as a string of double length, containing only hexadecimal digits. This may be used to exchange the value safely in email or other non-binary environments. .. method:: hash.copy() Return a copy ("clone") of the hash object. This can be used to efficiently compute the digests of strings that share a common initial substring. Key derivation -------------- Key derivation and key stretching algorithms are designed for secure password hashing. Naive algorithms such as ``sha1(password)`` are not resistant against brute-force attacks. A good password hashing function must be tunable, slow, and include a `salt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28cryptography%29>`_. .. function:: pbkdf2_hmac(name, password, salt, rounds, dklen=None) The function provides PKCS#5 password-based key derivation function 2. It uses HMAC as pseudorandom function. The string *name* is the desired name of the hash digest algorithm for HMAC, e.g. 'sha1' or 'sha256'. *password* and *salt* are interpreted as buffers of bytes. Applications and libraries should limit *password* to a sensible value (e.g. 1024). *salt* should be about 16 or more bytes from a proper source, e.g. :func:`os.urandom`. The number of *rounds* should be chosen based on the hash algorithm and computing power. As of 2013, at least 100,000 rounds of SHA-256 is suggested. *dklen* is the length of the derived key. If *dklen* is ``None`` then the digest size of the hash algorithm *name* is used, e.g. 64 for SHA-512. >>> import hashlib, binascii >>> dk = hashlib.pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', b'password', b'salt', 100000) >>> binascii.hexlify(dk) b'0394a2ede332c9a13eb82e9b24631604c31df978b4e2f0fbd2c549944f9d79a5' .. versionadded:: 2.7.8 .. note:: A fast implementation of *pbkdf2_hmac* is available with OpenSSL. The Python implementation uses an inline version of :mod:`hmac`. It is about three times slower and doesn't release the GIL. .. seealso:: Module :mod:`hmac` A module to generate message authentication codes using hashes. Module :mod:`base64` Another way to encode binary hashes for non-binary environments. http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/fips180-2.pdf The FIPS 180-2 publication on Secure Hash Algorithms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function#Cryptographic_hash_algorithms Wikipedia article with information on which algorithms have known issues and what that means regarding their use.
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