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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
15.58
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__main__.html
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_winreg.html
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abc.html
26.82
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aepack.html
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aetools.html
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
29.59
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al.html
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allos.html
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anydbm.html
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archiving.html
10.64
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argparse.html
269.59
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array.html
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ast.html
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asynchat.html
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asyncore.html
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atexit.html
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audioop.html
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autogil.html
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base64.html
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basehttpserver.html
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bastion.html
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bdb.html
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binascii.html
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binhex.html
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bisect.html
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bsddb.html
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bz2.html
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calendar.html
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carbon.html
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cd.html
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cgi.html
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cgihttpserver.html
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cgitb.html
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chunk.html
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cmath.html
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cmd.html
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code.html
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codecs.html
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codeop.html
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collections.html
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colorpicker.html
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colorsys.html
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commands.html
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compileall.html
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compiler.html
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configparser.html
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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cookie.html
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cookielib.html
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copy.html
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copy_reg.html
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crypt.html
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crypto.html
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csv.html
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ctypes.html
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curses.ascii.html
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curses.html
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curses.panel.html
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custominterp.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbhash.html
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dbm.html
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debug.html
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decimal.html
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development.html
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difflib.html
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dircache.html
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dis.html
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distribution.html
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distutils.html
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dl.html
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doctest.html
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docxmlrpcserver.html
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dumbdbm.html
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dummy_thread.html
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dummy_threading.html
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easydialogs.html
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email-examples.html
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email.charset.html
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email.encoders.html
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email.errors.html
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email.generator.html
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email.header.html
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email.html
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email.iterators.html
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email.message.html
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email.mime.html
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email.parser.html
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email.utils.html
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ensurepip.html
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errno.html
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exceptions.html
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fcntl.html
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filecmp.html
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fileformats.html
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fileinput.html
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filesys.html
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fl.html
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fm.html
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fnmatch.html
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formatter.html
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fpectl.html
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fpformat.html
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fractions.html
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framework.html
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frameworks.html
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ftplib.html
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functions.html
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functools.html
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future_builtins.html
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gc.html
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gdbm.html
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gensuitemodule.html
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getopt.html
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getpass.html
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gettext.html
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gl.html
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glob.html
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grp.html
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gzip.html
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hashlib.html
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heapq.html
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hmac.html
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hotshot.html
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htmllib.html
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htmlparser.html
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httplib.html
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i18n.html
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ic.html
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idle.html
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imageop.html
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imaplib.html
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imgfile.html
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imghdr.html
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imp.html
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importlib.html
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imputil.html
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index.html
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inspect.html
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internet.html
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intro.html
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io.html
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ipc.html
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itertools.html
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jpeg.html
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json.html
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keyword.html
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language.html
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linecache.html
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locale.html
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logging.config.html
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logging.handlers.html
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logging.html
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mac.html
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macos.html
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macosa.html
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macostools.html
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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mailcap.html
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markup.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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md5.html
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mhlib.html
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mimetools.html
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mimetypes.html
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mimewriter.html
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mimify.html
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miniaeframe.html
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misc.html
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mm.html
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mmap.html
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modulefinder.html
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modules.html
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msilib.html
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msvcrt.html
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multifile.html
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multiprocessing.html
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mutex.html
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netdata.html
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netrc.html
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new.html
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nis.html
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nntplib.html
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numbers.html
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numeric.html
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operator.html
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optparse.html
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os.html
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os.path.html
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ossaudiodev.html
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othergui.html
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parser.html
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pdb.html
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persistence.html
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pickle.html
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pickletools.html
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pipes.html
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pkgutil.html
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platform.html
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plistlib.html
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popen2.html
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poplib.html
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posix.html
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posixfile.html
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pprint.html
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profile.html
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pwd.html
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py_compile.html
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pyclbr.html
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pydoc.html
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pyexpat.html
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python.html
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queue.html
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quopri.html
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random.html
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re.html
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readline.html
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repr.html
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resource.html
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restricted.html
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rexec.html
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rfc822.html
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rlcompleter.html
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robotparser.html
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runpy.html
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sched.html
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scrolledtext.html
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select.html
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sets.html
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sgi.html
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sgmllib.html
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sha.html
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shelve.html
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shlex.html
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shutil.html
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signal.html
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simplehttpserver.html
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
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site.html
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smtpd.html
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smtplib.html
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sndhdr.html
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socket.html
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socketserver.html
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someos.html
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spwd.html
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sqlite3.html
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ssl.html
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stat.html
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statvfs.html
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stdtypes.html
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string.html
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stringio.html
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stringprep.html
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strings.html
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struct.html
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subprocess.html
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sun.html
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sunau.html
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sunaudio.html
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symbol.html
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symtable.html
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sys.html
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sysconfig.html
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syslog.html
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tabnanny.html
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telnetlib.html
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tempfile.html
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test.html
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textwrap.html
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thread.html
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threading.html
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time.html
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timeit.html
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tix.html
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tk.html
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tkinter.html
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token.html
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tokenize.html
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trace.html
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traceback.html
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ttk.html
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tty.html
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turtle.html
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types.html
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undoc.html
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unicodedata.html
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unittest.html
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unix.html
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urllib.html
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urllib2.html
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urlparse.html
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user.html
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userdict.html
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uu.html
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uuid.html
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warnings.html
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wave.html
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weakref.html
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webbrowser.html
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whichdb.html
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windows.html
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xdrlib.html
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xml.dom.html
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xml.dom.minidom.html
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xml.etree.elementtree.html
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xml.html
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xml.sax.html
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xml.sax.reader.html
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xml.sax.utils.html
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xmlrpclib.html
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zipfile.html
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zipimport.html
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zlib.html
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>28.11. __future__ — Future statement definitions — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="28.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface" href="gc.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="28.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback" href="traceback.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/__future__.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/__future__.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="gc.html" title="28.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="traceback.html" title="28.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="python.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">28. </span>Python Runtime Services</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">28.11. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-__future__"> <span id="future-future-statement-definitions"></span><h1><span class="section-number">28.11. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> — Future statement definitions<a class="headerlink" href="#module-__future__" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/__future__.py">Lib/__future__.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p><a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> is a real module, and serves three purposes:</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>To avoid confusing existing tools that analyze import statements and expect to find the modules they’re importing.</p></li> <li><p>To ensure that <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#future"><span class="std std-ref">future statements</span></a> run under releases prior to 2.1 at least yield runtime exceptions (the import of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> will fail, because there was no module of that name prior to 2.1).</p></li> <li><p>To document when incompatible changes were introduced, and when they will be — or were — made mandatory. This is a form of executable documentation, and can be inspected programmatically via importing <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a> and examining its contents.</p></li> </ul> <p>Each statement in <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__.py</span></code> is of the form:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">FeatureName</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_Feature</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">OptionalRelease</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">MandatoryRelease</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CompilerFlag</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>where, normally, <em>OptionalRelease</em> is less than <em>MandatoryRelease</em>, and both are 5-tuples of the same form as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.version_info</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PY_MAJOR_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 2 in 2.1.0a3; an int</span> <span class="n">PY_MINOR_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 1; an int</span> <span class="n">PY_MICRO_VERSION</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># the 0; an int</span> <span class="n">PY_RELEASE_LEVEL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="c1"># "alpha", "beta", "candidate" or "final"; string</span> <span class="n">PY_RELEASE_SERIAL</span> <span class="c1"># the 3; an int</span> <span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p><em>OptionalRelease</em> records the first release in which the feature was accepted.</p> <p>In the case of a <em>MandatoryRelease</em> that has not yet occurred, <em>MandatoryRelease</em> predicts the release in which the feature will become part of the language.</p> <p>Else <em>MandatoryRelease</em> records when the feature became part of the language; in releases at or after that, modules no longer need a future statement to use the feature in question, but may continue to use such imports.</p> <p><em>MandatoryRelease</em> may also be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, meaning that a planned feature got dropped.</p> <p>Instances of class <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Feature</span></code> have two corresponding methods, <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getOptionalRelease()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getMandatoryRelease()</span></code>.</p> <p><em>CompilerFlag</em> is the (bitfield) flag that should be passed in the fourth argument to the built-in function <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compile()</span></code></a> to enable the feature in dynamically compiled code. This flag is stored in the <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compiler_flag</span></code> attribute on <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_Feature</span></code> instances.</p> <p>No feature description will ever be deleted from <a class="reference internal" href="#module-__future__" title="__future__: Future statement definitions"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code></a>. Since its introduction in Python 2.1 the following features have found their way into the language using this mechanism:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 20%" /> <col style="width: 14%" /> <col style="width: 16%" /> <col style="width: 50%" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>feature</p></th> <th class="head"><p>optional in</p></th> <th class="head"><p>mandatory in</p></th> <th class="head"><p>effect</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p>nested_scopes</p></td> <td><p>2.1.0b1</p></td> <td><p>2.2</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0227"><strong>PEP 227</strong></a>: <em>Statically Nested Scopes</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>generators</p></td> <td><p>2.2.0a1</p></td> <td><p>2.3</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255"><strong>PEP 255</strong></a>: <em>Simple Generators</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p>division</p></td> <td><p>2.2.0a2</p></td> <td><p>3.0</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238"><strong>PEP 238</strong></a>: <em>Changing the Division Operator</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>absolute_import</p></td> <td><p>2.5.0a1</p></td> <td><p>3.0</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0328"><strong>PEP 328</strong></a>: <em>Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p>with_statement</p></td> <td><p>2.5.0a1</p></td> <td><p>2.6</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343"><strong>PEP 343</strong></a>: <em>The “with” Statement</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>print_function</p></td> <td><p>2.6.0a2</p></td> <td><p>3.0</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3105"><strong>PEP 3105</strong></a>: <em>Make print a function</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p>unicode_literals</p></td> <td><p>2.6.0a2</p></td> <td><p>3.0</p></td> <td><p><span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3112"><strong>PEP 3112</strong></a>: <em>Bytes literals in Python 3000</em></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="simple"> <dt><a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#future"><span class="std std-ref">Future statements</span></a></dt><dd><p>How the compiler treats future imports.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="traceback.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">28.10. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="gc.html" title="next chapter"><span class="section-number">28.12. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/__future__.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> </div> <script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="gc.html" title="28.12. gc — Garbage Collector interface" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="traceback.html" title="28.10. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; 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