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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
15.58
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__main__.html
8.33
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_winreg.html
73.99
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abc.html
26.82
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aepack.html
15.47
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aetools.html
18.79
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
29.59
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al.html
22.13
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allos.html
35.48
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anydbm.html
19.31
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archiving.html
10.64
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argparse.html
269.59
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array.html
35.35
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ast.html
42.42
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asynchat.html
35.84
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asyncore.html
43.22
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atexit.html
19.23
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audioop.html
41.32
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autogil.html
9.77
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base64.html
24.8
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basehttpserver.html
40.6
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bastion.html
13.02
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bdb.html
50.06
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binascii.html
26.64
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binhex.html
12.66
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bisect.html
28.52
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bsddb.html
32.02
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bz2.html
31.92
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calendar.html
50.16
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carbon.html
54.14
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cd.html
35.24
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cgi.html
58.4
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cgihttpserver.html
15.12
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cgitb.html
13.5
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chunk.html
17.41
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cmath.html
32.41
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cmd.html
32.69
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code.html
28.92
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codecs.html
125.92
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codeop.html
16.42
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collections.html
150.36
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colorpicker.html
9.02
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colorsys.html
14.38
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commands.html
16.63
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compileall.html
21.18
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compiler.html
78.14
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configparser.html
73.92
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constants.html
14.68
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contextlib.html
22.91
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cookie.html
45.38
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cookielib.html
102.78
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copy.html
14.21
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copy_reg.html
15.82
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crypt.html
11.62
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crypto.html
8.35
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csv.html
82.79
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ctypes.html
280.57
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curses.ascii.html
28.97
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curses.html
200.94
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curses.panel.html
18.43
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custominterp.html
8.59
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datatypes.html
18.84
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datetime.html
261.02
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dbhash.html
18.4
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dbm.html
14.75
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debug.html
11.28
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decimal.html
239.14
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development.html
15.27
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difflib.html
96.93
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dircache.html
13.66
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dis.html
96.52
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distribution.html
8.27
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distutils.html
10.97
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dl.html
19.27
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doctest.html
193.18
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docxmlrpcserver.html
20.02
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dumbdbm.html
16.74
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dummy_thread.html
11.04
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dummy_threading.html
9.96
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easydialogs.html
38.83
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email-examples.html
47.2
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email.charset.html
32.45
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email.encoders.html
14.09
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email.errors.html
19.2
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email.generator.html
24.78
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email.header.html
31.12
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email.html
55.3
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email.iterators.html
14.22
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email.message.html
74.91
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email.mime.html
34.51
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email.parser.html
37.09
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email.utils.html
30.04
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ensurepip.html
20.21
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errno.html
52.31
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exceptions.html
73.4
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fcntl.html
27.85
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filecmp.html
26.49
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fileformats.html
10.21
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fileinput.html
29.36
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filesys.html
11.55
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fl.html
71.58
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fm.html
15
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fnmatch.html
17.78
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formatter.html
43.91
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fpectl.html
17.84
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fpformat.html
12.65
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fractions.html
27.17
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framework.html
44.24
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frameworks.html
8.11
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ftplib.html
56.56
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functions.html
216.84
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functools.html
31.06
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future_builtins.html
15.9
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gc.html
30.74
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gdbm.html
19.35
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gensuitemodule.html
14.54
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getopt.html
26.56
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getpass.html
12.5
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gettext.html
91.32
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gl.html
26.71
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glob.html
15.42
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grp.html
12.33
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gzip.html
21.95
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hashlib.html
27.4
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heapq.html
36.72
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hmac.html
15.97
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hotshot.html
22.69
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htmllib.html
29.9
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htmlparser.html
45.11
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httplib.html
78.55
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i18n.html
10.61
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ic.html
22.03
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idle.html
45.74
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imageop.html
20.94
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imaplib.html
69.9
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imgfile.html
14.91
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imghdr.html
13.43
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imp.html
41.48
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importlib.html
10.27
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imputil.html
36.11
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index.html
82.54
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inspect.html
64.31
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internet.html
26.77
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intro.html
9.76
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io.html
122.3
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ipc.html
17.18
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itertools.html
129.91
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jpeg.html
15.36
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json.html
79.09
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keyword.html
9.27
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language.html
12.35
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linecache.html
12.7
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locale.html
68.54
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logging.config.html
82.23
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logging.handlers.html
91.96
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logging.html
123.15
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mac.html
24.49
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macos.html
18.51
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macosa.html
14.55
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macostools.html
19.67
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macpath.html
9.19
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mailbox.html
185.53
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mailcap.html
15.3
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markup.html
20.37
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marshal.html
19.88
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math.html
50.52
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md5.html
16.65
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mhlib.html
30.04
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mimetools.html
23.84
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mimetypes.html
35.82
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mimewriter.html
18.19
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mimify.html
16.96
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miniaeframe.html
14.5
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misc.html
7.77
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mm.html
10.19
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mmap.html
33.52
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modulefinder.html
19.85
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modules.html
9.68
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msilib.html
72.78
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msvcrt.html
24.1
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multifile.html
28.82
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multiprocessing.html
423.97
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mutex.html
13.56
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netdata.html
19.28
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netrc.html
15.51
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new.html
16.1
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nis.html
13.19
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nntplib.html
51.08
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numbers.html
40.91
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numeric.html
14.85
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operator.html
118.32
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optparse.html
251.08
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os.html
270.49
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os.path.html
48.87
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ossaudiodev.html
49.79
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othergui.html
9.98
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parser.html
44.52
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pdb.html
41.44
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persistence.html
16.25
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pickle.html
107.94
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pickletools.html
13.21
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pipes.html
21.85
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pkgutil.html
30.59
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platform.html
40.14
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plistlib.html
20.96
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popen2.html
30.13
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poplib.html
27.93
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posix.html
17.27
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posixfile.html
23.68
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pprint.html
36.42
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profile.html
76.65
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pty.html
11.42
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pwd.html
13.53
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py_compile.html
13.33
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pyclbr.html
18.14
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pydoc.html
14.33
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pyexpat.html
93.28
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python.html
13.53
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queue.html
29.64
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quopri.html
14.5
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random.html
47.78
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re.html
163.11
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readline.html
41.2
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repr.html
24.57
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resource.html
30.86
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restricted.html
12.69
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rexec.html
43.59
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rfc822.html
51.25
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rlcompleter.html
15.29
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robotparser.html
15.01
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runpy.html
23.55
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sched.html
21.76
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scrolledtext.html
10.67
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select.html
50.17
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sets.html
39.92
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sgi.html
11.09
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sgmllib.html
38.77
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sha.html
14.55
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shelve.html
32.93
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shlex.html
38.43
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shutil.html
49.49
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signal.html
36.52
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simplehttpserver.html
21.57
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
40.41
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site.html
29
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smtpd.html
15.64
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smtplib.html
51.86
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sndhdr.html
12.05
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socket.html
126.94
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socketserver.html
81.38
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someos.html
17.09
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spwd.html
12.25
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sqlite3.html
154.12
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ssl.html
214.5
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stat.html
41.11
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statvfs.html
13.24
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stdtypes.html
309.83
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string.html
129.58
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stringio.html
21.1
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stringprep.html
21.4
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strings.html
16.42
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struct.html
47.68
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subprocess.html
117
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sun.html
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sunau.html
35.43
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sunaudio.html
21.05
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symbol.html
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symtable.html
29.03
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sys.html
118.12
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sysconfig.html
28.8
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syslog.html
21.29
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tabnanny.html
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tarfile.html
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telnetlib.html
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tempfile.html
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termios.html
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test.html
61.42
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textwrap.html
32.28
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thread.html
22.67
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threading.html
92.04
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time.html
65.55
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timeit.html
44.38
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tix.html
56.73
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tk.html
26.76
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tkinter.html
86.67
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token.html
27.31
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tokenize.html
21.69
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trace.html
33.91
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traceback.html
44.22
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ttk.html
123.83
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tty.html
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turtle.html
246.17
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types.html
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undoc.html
25.54
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unicodedata.html
22.64
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unittest.html
246.75
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unix.html
11.9
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urllib.html
71.61
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urllib2.html
128.77
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urlparse.html
49.04
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user.html
13.41
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userdict.html
32.96
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uu.html
13.25
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uuid.html
33.55
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warnings.html
51.86
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wave.html
29.08
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weakref.html
41.14
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webbrowser.html
29.53
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whichdb.html
10.44
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windows.html
10.37
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winsound.html
22.56
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wsgiref.html
94.38
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xdrlib.html
38.05
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xml.dom.html
110.39
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xml.dom.minidom.html
45.23
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xml.dom.pulldom.html
16.32
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xml.etree.elementtree.html
124.2
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xml.html
18.76
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xml.sax.handler.html
47.5
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xml.sax.html
26.04
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xml.sax.reader.html
51.4
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xml.sax.utils.html
18.11
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xmlrpclib.html
71.79
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zipfile.html
67.26
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zipimport.html
24.32
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zlib.html
34.41
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>11.11. bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="11.12. dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation" href="dumbdbm.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="11.10. dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library" href="dbhash.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/bsddb.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. 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Users can create hash, btree or record based library files using the appropriate open call. Bsddb objects behave generally like dictionaries. Keys and values must be strings, however, so to use other objects as keys or to store other kinds of objects the user must serialize them somehow, typically using <a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html#marshal.dumps" title="marshal.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal.dumps()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#pickle.dumps" title="pickle.dumps"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle.dumps()</span></code></a>.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module requires a Berkeley DB library version from 4.0 thru 4.7.</p> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="simple"> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm">http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm</a></dt><dd><p>The website with documentation for the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> Python Berkeley DB interface that closely mirrors the object oriented interface provided in Berkeley DB 4.x itself.</p> </dd> <dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/">http://www.oracle.com/database/berkeley-db/</a></dt><dd><p>The Berkeley DB library.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <p>A more modern DB, DBEnv and DBSequence object interface is available in the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> module which closely matches the Berkeley DB C API documented at the above URLs. Additional features provided by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> API include fine tuning, transactions, logging, and multiprocess concurrent database access.</p> <p>The following is a description of the legacy <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> interface compatible with the old Python bsddb module. Starting in Python 2.5 this interface should be safe for multithreaded access. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.db</span></code> API is recommended for threading users as it provides better control.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module defines the following functions that create objects that access the appropriate type of Berkeley DB file. The first two arguments of each function are the same. For ease of portability, only the first two arguments should be used in most instances.</p> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.hashopen"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">hashopen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flag</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pgsize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ffactor</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">nelem</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cachesize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lorder</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">hflags</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open the hash format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code> (read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level <code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbopen()</span></code> function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.btopen"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">btopen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flag</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">btflags</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cachesize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">maxkeypage</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">minkeypage</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pgsize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lorder</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open the btree format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code> (read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.rnopen"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddb.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">rnopen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flag</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">rnflags</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">cachesize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pgsize</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">lorder</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">rlen</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">delim</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">source</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pad</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.rnopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Open a DB record format file named <em>filename</em>. Files never intended to be preserved on disk may be created by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> as the <em>filename</em>. The optional <em>flag</em> identifies the mode used to open the file. It may be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'r'</span></code> (read only), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'w'</span></code> (read-write), <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'c'</span></code> (read-write - create if necessary; the default) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'n'</span></code> (read-write - truncate to zero length). The other arguments are rarely used and are just passed to the low-level dbopen function. Consult the Berkeley DB documentation for their use and interpretation.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="admonition-title">Note</p> <p>Beginning in 2.3 some Unix versions of Python may have a <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></code> module. This is present <em>only</em> to allow backwards compatibility with systems which ship with the old Berkeley DB 1.85 database library. The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb185</span></code> module should never be used directly in new code. The module has been removed in Python 3. If you find you still need it look in PyPI.</p> </div> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="simple"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="dbhash.html#module-dbhash" title="dbhash: DBM-style interface to the BSD database library."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>DBM-style interface to the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a></p> </dd> </dl> </div> <section id="hash-btree-and-record-objects"> <span id="bsddb-objects"></span><h2><span class="section-number">11.11.1. </span>Hash, BTree and Record Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#hash-btree-and-record-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Once instantiated, hash, btree and record objects support the same methods as dictionaries. In addition, they support the methods listed below.</p> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.3.1: </span>Added dictionary methods.</p> </div> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.close"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">close</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Close the underlying file. The object can no longer be accessed. Since there is no open <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> method for these objects, to open the file again a new <a class="reference internal" href="#module-bsddb" title="bsddb: Interface to Berkeley DB database library"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code></a> module open function must be called.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.keys"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">keys</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.keys" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the list of keys contained in the DB file. The order of the list is unspecified and should not be relied on. In particular, the order of the list returned is different for different file formats.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">has_key</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.has_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> if the DB file contains the argument as a key.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">set_location</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">key</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.set_location" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the item indicated by <em>key</em> and return a tuple containing the key and its value. For binary tree databases (opened using <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.btopen" title="bsddb.btopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">btopen()</span></code></a>), if <em>key</em> does not actually exist in the database, the cursor will point to the next item in sorted order and return that key and value. For other databases, <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></code> will be raised if <em>key</em> is not found in the database.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.first"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">first</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.first" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the first item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This method raises <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></code> if the database is empty.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.next"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">next</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.next" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the next item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.previous"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">previous</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.previous" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the previous item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified, except in the case of B-Tree databases. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></code></a>).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.last"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">last</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.last" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the cursor to the last item in the DB file and return it. The order of keys in the file is unspecified. This is not supported on hashtable databases (those opened with <a class="reference internal" href="#bsddb.hashopen" title="bsddb.hashopen"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashopen()</span></code></a>). This method raises <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb.error</span></code> if the database is empty.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="bsddb.bsddbobject.sync"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">bsddbobject.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sync</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#bsddb.bsddbobject.sync" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Synchronize the database on disk.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Example:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">bsddb</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">bsddb</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">btopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'spam.db'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="gp">...</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'3'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="go">'9'</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">first</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('0', '0')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">next</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('1', '1')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">last</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('9', '81')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_location</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'2'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="go">('2', '4')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">previous</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">('1', '1')</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">iteritems</span><span class="p">():</span> <span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="go">0 0</span> <span class="go">1 1</span> <span class="go">2 4</span> <span class="go">3 9</span> <span class="go">4 16</span> <span class="go">5 25</span> <span class="go">6 36</span> <span class="go">7 49</span> <span class="go">8 64</span> <span class="go">9 81</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="s1">'8'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">db</span> <span class="go">True</span> <span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">db</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="go">0</span> </pre></div> </div> </section> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">11.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code> — Interface to Berkeley DB library</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#hash-btree-and-record-objects">11.11.1. 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