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Code Editor : dis.html

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 <section id="module-dis">
<h1>32.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode">bytecode</a> by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is
defined in the file <code class="file docutils literal notranslate">Include/opcode.h</code> and used by the compiler and the
interpreter.
<div class="impl-detail compound">
CPython implementation detail: Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter! No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.
</div>
Example: Given the function <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">myfunc()</code>:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>def myfunc(alist):
 return len(alist)
</pre></div>
</div>
the following command can be used to get the disassembly of <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">myfunc()</code>:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; dis.dis(myfunc)
 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)
 3 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)
 6 CALL_FUNCTION 1
 9 RETURN_VALUE
</pre></div>
</div>
(The “2” is a line number).
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code></a> module defines the following functions and constants:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.dis">
dis.dis([bytesource])<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassemble the bytesource object. bytesource can denote either a module,
a class, a method, a function, or a code object. For a module, it
disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods. For a
single code sequence, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. If no
object is provided, it disassembles the last traceback.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.distb">
dis.distb([tb])<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassembles the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
indicated.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disassemble">
dis.disassemble(code[, lasti])<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Disassembles a code object, indicating the last instruction if lasti was
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--&gt;</code>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;&gt;</code>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.disco">
dis.disco(code[, lasti])<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A synonym for <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.disassemble" title="dis.disassemble"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">disassemble()</code></a>. It is more convenient to type, and kept
for compatibility with earlier Python releases.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlinestarts">
dis.findlinestarts(code)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This generator function uses the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_firstlineno</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_lnotab</code>
attributes of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code. They are generated as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(offset, lineno)</code> pairs.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.findlabels">
dis.findlabels(code)<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Detect all offsets in the code object code which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opname">
dis.opname<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.opmap">
dis.opmap<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.cmp_op">
dis.cmp_op<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of all compare operation names.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasconst">
dis.hasconst<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasfree">
dis.hasfree<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasname">
dis.hasname<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjrel">
dis.hasjrel<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hasjabs">
dis.hasjabs<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.haslocal">
dis.haslocal<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py data">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="dis.hascompare">
dis.hascompare<a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.
</dd></dl>

<section id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<h2>32.12.1. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STOP_CODE">
STOP_CODE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STOP_CODE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Indicates end-of-code to the compiler, not used by the interpreter.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-NOP">
NOP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_TOP">
POP_TOP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
ROT_TWO()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Swaps the two top-most stack items.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
ROT_THREE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-ROT_FOUR">
ROT_FOUR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_FOUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Lifts second, third and forth stack item one position up, moves top down to
position four.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
DUP_TOP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.
</dd></dl>

Unary Operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
UNARY_POSITIVE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = +TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
UNARY_NEGATIVE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = -TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
UNARY_NOT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = not TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_CONVERT">
UNARY_CONVERT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_CONVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = `TOS`</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
UNARY_INVERT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = ~TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-GET_ITER">
GET_ITER()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = iter(TOS)</code>.
</dd></dl>

Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
BINARY_POWER()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ** TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
BINARY_MULTIPLY()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 * TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE">
BINARY_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from __future__ import division</code> is
not in effect.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 // TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from __future__ import division</code> is
in effect.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
BINARY_MODULO()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 % TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
BINARY_ADD()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 + TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
BINARY_SUBTRACT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 - TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
BINARY_SUBSCR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1[TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
BINARY_LSHIFT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &lt;&lt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
BINARY_RSHIFT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &gt;&gt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
BINARY_AND()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &amp; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
BINARY_XOR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
BINARY_OR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 | TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
INPLACE_POWER()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ** TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
INPLACE_MULTIPLY()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 * TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE">
INPLACE_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from __future__ import
division</code> is not in effect.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 // TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 / TOS</code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from __future__ import
division</code> is in effect.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
INPLACE_MODULO()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 % TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
INPLACE_ADD()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 + TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
INPLACE_SUBTRACT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 - TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
INPLACE_LSHIFT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &lt;&lt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
INPLACE_RSHIFT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &gt;&gt; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
INPLACE_AND()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 &amp; TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
INPLACE_XOR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 ^ TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
INPLACE_OR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements in-place <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1 | TOS</code>.
</dd></dl>

The slice opcodes take up to three parameters.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SLICE-0">
SLICE+0()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE-0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS[:]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SLICE-1">
SLICE+1()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE-1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1[TOS:]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SLICE-2">
SLICE+2()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE-2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS1[:TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SLICE-3">
SLICE+3()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SLICE-3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS = TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

Slice assignment needs even an additional parameter. As any statement, they put
nothing on the stack.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SLICE-0">
STORE_SLICE+0()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE-0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS[:] = TOS1</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SLICE-1">
STORE_SLICE+1()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE-1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1[TOS:] = TOS2</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SLICE-2">
STORE_SLICE+2()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE-2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1[:TOS] = TOS2</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SLICE-3">
STORE_SLICE+3()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SLICE-3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS2[TOS1:TOS] = TOS3</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE-0">
DELETE_SLICE+0()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE-0" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS[:]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE-1">
DELETE_SLICE+1()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE-1" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS1[TOS:]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE-2">
DELETE_SLICE+2()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE-2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS1[:TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SLICE-3">
DELETE_SLICE+3()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SLICE-3" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS2[TOS1:TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
STORE_SUBSCR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS1[TOS] = TOS2</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
DELETE_SUBSCR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS1[TOS]</code>.
</dd></dl>

Miscellaneous opcodes.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
PRINT_EXPR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement
is terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">POP_TOP</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM">
PRINT_ITEM()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Prints TOS to the file-like object bound to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code>. There is one
such instruction for each item in the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">print</code></a> statement.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO">
PRINT_ITEM_TO()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_ITEM_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PRINT_ITEM</code>, but prints the item second from TOS to the file-like
object at TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE">
PRINT_NEWLINE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Prints a new line on <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.stdout</code>. This is generated as the last operation
of a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#print"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">print</code></a> statement, unless the statement ends with a comma.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO">
PRINT_NEWLINE_TO()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_NEWLINE_TO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Like <code class="docutils literal notranslate">PRINT_NEWLINE</code>, but prints the new line on the file-like object on
the TOS. This is used by the extended print statement.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
BREAK_LOOP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">break</code></a> statement.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
CONTINUE_LOOP(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">continue</code></a> statement. target is the
address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">FOR_ITER</code></a> instruction).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
LIST_APPEND(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls <code class="docutils literal notranslate">list.append(TOS[-i], TOS)</code>. Used to implement list comprehensions.
While the appended value is popped off, the list object remains on the stack
so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_LOCALS">
LOAD_LOCALS()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_LOCALS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a reference to the locals of the current scope on the stack. This is
used in the code for a class definition: After the class body is evaluated,
the locals are passed to the class definition.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
RETURN_VALUE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
YIELD_VALUE()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pops <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code> and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator">generator</a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
IMPORT_STAR()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads all symbols not starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'_'</code> directly from the module TOS to
the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This
opcode implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">from module import *</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-EXEC_STMT">
EXEC_STMT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXEC_STMT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">exec TOS2,TOS1,TOS</code>. The compiler fills missing optional
parameters with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
POP_BLOCK()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of
blocks, denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
END_FINALLY()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">finally</code></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
with the outer-next block.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_CLASS">
BUILD_CLASS()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a new class object. TOS is the methods dictionary, TOS1 the tuple of
the names of the base classes, and TOS2 the class name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
SETUP_WITH(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__exit__()</code></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">WITH_CLEANUP</code></a>. Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__enter__()</code></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to delta
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">POP_TOP</code></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">STORE_NAME</code></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</code></a>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP">
WITH_CLEANUP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code></a> statement block exits. On top of
the stack are 1–3 values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:
<ul class="simple">
<li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND) = (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</code>), retval</li>
<li>TOP = <code class="docutils literal notranslate">WHY_*</code>; no retval below it</li>
<li>(TOP, SECOND, THIRD) = exc_info()</li>
</ul>
Under them is EXIT, the context manager’s <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__exit__()</code> bound method.
In the last case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">EXIT(TOP, SECOND, THIRD)</code> is called, otherwise
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">EXIT(None, None, None)</code>.
EXIT is removed from the stack, leaving the values above it in the same
order. In addition, if the stack represents an exception, and the function
call returns a ‘true’ value, this information is “zapped”, to prevent
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">END_FINALLY</code> from re-raising the exception. (But non-local gotos should
still be resumed.)
</dd></dl>

All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two bytes, with
the more significant byte last.
<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
STORE_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">name = TOS</code>. namei is the index of name in the attribute
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code> of the code object. The compiler tries to use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code>
or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STORE_GLOBAL</code> if possible.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
DELETE_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del name</code>, where namei is the index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>
attribute of the code object.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Unpacks TOS into count individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DUP_TOPX">
DUP_TOPX(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOPX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Duplicate count items, keeping them in the same order. Due to
implementation limits, count should be between 1 and 5 inclusive.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
STORE_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS.name = TOS1</code>, where namei is the index of name in
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
DELETE_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Implements <code class="docutils literal notranslate">del TOS.name</code>, using namei as index into <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">co_names</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
STORE_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STORE_NAME</code>, but stores the name as a global.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">DELETE_NAME</code>, but deletes a global name.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
LOAD_CONST(consti)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_consts[consti]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
LOAD_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes the value associated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
BUILD_TUPLE(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the
resulting tuple onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
BUILD_LIST(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">BUILD_TUPLE</code>, but creates a list.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
BUILD_SET(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Works as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">BUILD_TUPLE</code>, but creates a set.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.7.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
BUILD_MAP(count)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. The dictionary is pre-sized
to hold count entries.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
LOAD_ATTR(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Replaces TOS with <code class="docutils literal notranslate">getattr(TOS, co_names[namei])</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
COMPARE_OP(opname)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">cmp_op[opname]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
IMPORT_NAME(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Imports the module <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
the fromlist and level arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#import__" title="__import__"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a>. The module
object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for
a proper import statement, a subsequent <code class="docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code> instruction modifies
the namespace.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
IMPORT_FROM(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> from the module found in TOS. The
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">STORE_FAST</code> instruction.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
JUMP_FORWARD(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Increments bytecode counter by delta.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target. TOS is popped.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to target and leaves TOS on the
stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
JUMP_ABSOLUTE(target)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Set bytecode counter to target.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
FOR_ITER(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator">iterator</a>. Call its <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">next()</code> method. If this
yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If
the iterator indicates it is exhausted <code class="docutils literal notranslate">TOS</code> is popped, and the bytecode
counter is incremented by delta.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the global named <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_names[namei]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP">
SETUP_LOOP(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the
current instruction with a size of delta bytes.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT">
SETUP_EXCEPT(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. delta
points to the first except block.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
SETUP_FINALLY(delta)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. delta
points to the finally block.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_MAP">
STORE_MAP()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Store a key and value pair in a dictionary. Pops the key and value while
leaving the dictionary on the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
LOAD_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a reference to the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code> onto the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
STORE_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stores TOS into the local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
DELETE_FAST(var_num)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Deletes local <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_varnames[var_num]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
LOAD_CLOSURE(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free
variable storage. The name of the variable is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_cellvars[i]</code> if i is
less than the length of co_cellvars. Otherwise it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate">co_freevars[i -
len(co_cellvars)]</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
LOAD_DEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Loads the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable storage.
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
STORE_DEREF(i)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot i of the cell and free variable
storage.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-SET_LINENO">
SET_LINENO(lineno)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_LINENO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This opcode is obsolete.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
RAISE_VARARGS(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Raises an exception. argc indicates the number of arguments to the raise
statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,
the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
CALL_FUNCTION(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object. The low byte of argc indicates the number of
positional arguments, the high byte the number of keyword arguments.
The stack contains keyword arguments on top (if any), then the positional
arguments below that (if any), then the callable object to call below that.
Each keyword argument is represented with two values on the stack:
the argument’s name, and its value, with the argument’s value above the
name on the stack.
The positional arguments are pushed in the order that they are passed in
to the callable object, with the right-most positional argument on top.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code> pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
returned by the callable object.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
MAKE_FUNCTION(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a new function object on the stack. TOS is the code associated with
the function. The function object is defined to have argc default
parameters, which are found below TOS.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE">
MAKE_CLOSURE(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Creates a new function object, sets its func_closure slot, and pushes it on
the stack. TOS is the code associated with the function, TOS1 the tuple
containing cells for the closure’s free variables. The function also has
argc default parameters, which are found below the cells.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
BUILD_SLICE(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">slice(TOS1, TOS)</code> is pushed; if it is 3, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">slice(TOS2, TOS1, TOS)</code> is
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">slice()</code></a> built-in function for more information.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
EXTENDED_ARG(ext)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two
bytes. ext holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the
subsequent opcode’s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, ext being the
two most-significant bytes.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR">
CALL_FUNCTION_VAR(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
argc represents the number of keyword and positional
arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
The top of the stack contains an iterable object containing
additional positional arguments.
Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any)
and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
Before the callable object is called, the iterable object
is “unpacked” and its contents are appended to the positional
arguments passed in.
The iterable object is ignored when computing
the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">argc</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
CALL_FUNCTION_KW(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
argc represents the number of keyword and positional
arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
The top of the stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword
arguments.
Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any)
and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
Before the callable is called, the mapping object at the top of the stack is
“unpacked” and its contents are appended to the keyword arguments passed in.
The mapping object at the top of the stack is ignored when computing
the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">argc</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW">
CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW(argc)<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Calls a callable object, similarly to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code></a>.
argc represents the number of keyword and positional
arguments, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
The top of the stack contains a mapping object, as per
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code></a>.
Below that is an iterable object, as per
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</code></a>.
Below that are keyword arguments (if any), positional arguments (if any)
and a callable object, identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION</code></a>.
Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object
are each “unpacked” and their contents passed in as keyword and
positional arguments respectively,
identically to <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW"><code class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal notranslate">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</code></a>.
The mapping object and iterable object are both ignored when computing
the value of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">argc</code>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="std opcode">
<dt class="sig sig-object std" id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
HAVE_ARGUMENT()<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between
opcodes which don’t take arguments <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt; HAVE_ARGUMENT</code> and those which do
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;= HAVE_ARGUMENT</code>.
</dd></dl>

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