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2to3.html
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__builtin__.html
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__future__.html
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__main__.html
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_winreg.html
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abc.html
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aepack.html
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aetools.html
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aetypes.html
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aifc.html
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al.html
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allos.html
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anydbm.html
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archiving.html
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argparse.html
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array.html
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ast.html
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asynchat.html
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asyncore.html
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atexit.html
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audioop.html
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autogil.html
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base64.html
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basehttpserver.html
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bastion.html
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bdb.html
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binascii.html
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binhex.html
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bisect.html
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bsddb.html
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bz2.html
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calendar.html
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carbon.html
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cd.html
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cgi.html
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cgihttpserver.html
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cgitb.html
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chunk.html
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cmath.html
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cmd.html
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code.html
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codecs.html
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codeop.html
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collections.html
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colorpicker.html
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colorsys.html
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commands.html
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compileall.html
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compiler.html
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configparser.html
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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cookie.html
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cookielib.html
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copy.html
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copy_reg.html
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crypt.html
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crypto.html
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csv.html
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ctypes.html
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curses.ascii.html
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curses.html
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curses.panel.html
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custominterp.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbhash.html
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dbm.html
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debug.html
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decimal.html
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development.html
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difflib.html
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dircache.html
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dis.html
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distribution.html
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distutils.html
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dl.html
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doctest.html
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docxmlrpcserver.html
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dumbdbm.html
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dummy_thread.html
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dummy_threading.html
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easydialogs.html
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email-examples.html
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email.charset.html
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email.encoders.html
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email.errors.html
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email.generator.html
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email.header.html
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email.html
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email.iterators.html
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email.message.html
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email.mime.html
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email.parser.html
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email.utils.html
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ensurepip.html
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errno.html
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exceptions.html
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fcntl.html
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filecmp.html
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fileformats.html
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fileinput.html
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filesys.html
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fl.html
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fm.html
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fnmatch.html
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formatter.html
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fpectl.html
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fpformat.html
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fractions.html
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framework.html
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frameworks.html
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ftplib.html
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functions.html
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functools.html
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future_builtins.html
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gc.html
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gdbm.html
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gensuitemodule.html
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getopt.html
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getpass.html
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gettext.html
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gl.html
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glob.html
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grp.html
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gzip.html
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hashlib.html
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heapq.html
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hmac.html
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hotshot.html
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htmllib.html
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htmlparser.html
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httplib.html
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i18n.html
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ic.html
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idle.html
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imageop.html
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imaplib.html
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imgfile.html
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imghdr.html
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imp.html
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importlib.html
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imputil.html
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index.html
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inspect.html
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internet.html
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intro.html
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io.html
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ipc.html
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itertools.html
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jpeg.html
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json.html
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keyword.html
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language.html
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linecache.html
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locale.html
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logging.config.html
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logging.handlers.html
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logging.html
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mac.html
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macos.html
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macosa.html
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macostools.html
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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mailcap.html
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markup.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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md5.html
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mhlib.html
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mimetools.html
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mimetypes.html
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mimewriter.html
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mimify.html
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miniaeframe.html
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misc.html
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mm.html
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mmap.html
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modulefinder.html
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modules.html
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msilib.html
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msvcrt.html
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multifile.html
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multiprocessing.html
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mutex.html
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netdata.html
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netrc.html
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new.html
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nis.html
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nntplib.html
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numbers.html
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numeric.html
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operator.html
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optparse.html
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os.html
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os.path.html
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othergui.html
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parser.html
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pdb.html
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persistence.html
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pickle.html
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pickletools.html
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pipes.html
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pkgutil.html
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platform.html
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plistlib.html
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poplib.html
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posix.html
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posixfile.html
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pprint.html
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profile.html
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pwd.html
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py_compile.html
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pyclbr.html
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pydoc.html
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pyexpat.html
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python.html
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queue.html
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random.html
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re.html
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readline.html
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resource.html
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restricted.html
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rexec.html
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rfc822.html
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rlcompleter.html
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robotparser.html
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runpy.html
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sched.html
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select.html
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sets.html
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sgi.html
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sgmllib.html
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sha.html
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shutil.html
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signal.html
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simplehttpserver.html
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
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site.html
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smtpd.html
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smtplib.html
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sndhdr.html
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socket.html
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someos.html
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sqlite3.html
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ssl.html
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stat.html
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stdtypes.html
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string.html
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stringio.html
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stringprep.html
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strings.html
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struct.html
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subprocess.html
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symbol.html
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symtable.html
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sys.html
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sysconfig.html
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test.html
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textwrap.html
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threading.html
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time.html
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tix.html
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tk.html
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tkinter.html
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tokenize.html
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traceback.html
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undoc.html
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unittest.html
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unix.html
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urllib.html
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urlparse.html
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user.html
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userdict.html
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warnings.html
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weakref.html
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whichdb.html
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windows.html
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xdrlib.html
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xml.dom.html
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xml.html
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xml.sax.html
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xmlrpclib.html
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zipfile.html
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zipimport.html
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zlib.html
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>31.5. pkgutil — Package extension utility — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="31.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script" href="modulefinder.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="31.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives" href="zipimport.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/pkgutil.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/pkgutil.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="modulefinder.html" title="31.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="zipimport.html" title="31.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="modules.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">31. </span>Importing Modules</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">31.5. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-pkgutil"> <span id="pkgutil-package-extension-utility"></span><h1><span class="section-number">31.5. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#module-pkgutil" title="pkgutil: Utilities for the import system."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code></a> — Package extension utility<a class="headerlink" href="#module-pkgutil" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/pkgutil.py">Lib/pkgutil.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>This module provides utilities for the import system, in particular package support.</p> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.extend_path"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">extend_path</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.extend_path" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Extend the search path for the modules which comprise a package. Intended use is to place the following code in a package’s <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__init__.py</span></code>:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pkgutil</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">extend_path</span> <span class="n">__path__</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">extend_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__path__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="vm">__name__</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>This will add to the package’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__path__</span></code> all subdirectories of directories on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code> named after the package. This is useful if one wants to distribute different parts of a single logical package as multiple directories.</p> <p>It also looks for <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.pkg</span></code> files beginning where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*</span></code> matches the <em>name</em> argument. This feature is similar to <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.pth</span></code> files (see the <a class="reference internal" href="site.html#module-site" title="site: Module responsible for site-specific configuration."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code></a> module for more information), except that it doesn’t special-case lines starting with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code>. A <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.pkg</span></code> file is trusted at face value: apart from checking for duplicates, all entries found in a <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*.pkg</span></code> file are added to the path, regardless of whether they exist on the filesystem. (This is a feature.)</p> <p>If the input path is not a list (as is the case for frozen packages) it is returned unchanged. The input path is not modified; an extended copy is returned. Items are only appended to the copy at the end.</p> <p>It is assumed that <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> is a sequence. Items of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> that are not (Unicode or 8-bit) strings referring to existing directories are ignored. Unicode items on <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> that cause errors when used as filenames may cause this function to raise an exception (in line with <a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html#os.path.isdir" title="os.path.isdir"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path.isdir()</span></code></a> behavior).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py class"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.ImpImporter"> <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ImpImporter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">dirname</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.ImpImporter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> Importer that wraps Python’s “classic” import algorithm.</p> <p>If <em>dirname</em> is a string, a <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> importer is created that searches that directory. If <em>dirname</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, a <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> importer is created that searches the current <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>, plus any modules that are frozen or built-in.</p> <p>Note that <a class="reference internal" href="#pkgutil.ImpImporter" title="pkgutil.ImpImporter"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImpImporter</span></code></a> does not currently support being used by placement on <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.meta_path" title="sys.meta_path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.meta_path</span></code></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py class"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.ImpLoader"> <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">ImpLoader</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fullname</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">etc</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.ImpLoader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p><span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> Loader that wraps Python’s “classic” import algorithm.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.find_loader"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">find_loader</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fullname</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.find_loader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Find a <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> “loader” object for <em>fullname</em>.</p> <p>If <em>fullname</em> contains dots, path must be the containing package’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__path__</span></code>. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the module cannot be found or imported. This function uses <a class="reference internal" href="#pkgutil.iter_importers" title="pkgutil.iter_importers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iter_importers()</span></code></a>, and is thus subject to the same limitations regarding platform-specific special import locations such as the Windows registry.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.get_importer"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_importer</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path_item</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.get_importer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Retrieve a <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> importer for the given <em>path_item</em>.</p> <p>The returned importer is cached in <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path_importer_cache" title="sys.path_importer_cache"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_importer_cache</span></code></a> if it was newly created by a path hook.</p> <p>If there is no importer, a wrapper around the basic import machinery is returned. This wrapper is never inserted into the importer cache (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is inserted instead).</p> <p>The cache (or part of it) can be cleared manually if a rescan of <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path_hooks" title="sys.path_hooks"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path_hooks</span></code></a> is necessary.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.get_loader"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_loader</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">module_or_name</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.get_loader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get a <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> “loader” object for <em>module_or_name</em>.</p> <p>If the module or package is accessible via the normal import mechanism, a wrapper around the relevant part of that machinery is returned. Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the module cannot be found or imported. If the named module is not already imported, its containing package (if any) is imported, in order to establish the package <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__path__</span></code>.</p> <p>This function uses <a class="reference internal" href="#pkgutil.iter_importers" title="pkgutil.iter_importers"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iter_importers()</span></code></a>, and is thus subject to the same limitations regarding platform-specific special import locations such as the Windows registry.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.iter_importers"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iter_importers</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fullname</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.iter_importers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Yield <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> importers for the given module name.</p> <p>If fullname contains a ‘.’, the importers will be for the package containing fullname, otherwise they will be importers for <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.meta_path" title="sys.meta_path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.meta_path</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>, and Python’s “classic” import machinery, in that order. If the named module is in a package, that package is imported as a side effect of invoking this function.</p> <p>Non-<span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> mechanisms (e.g. the Windows registry) used by the standard import machinery to find files in alternative locations are partially supported, but are searched <em>after</em> <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>. Normally, these locations are searched <em>before</em> <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a>, preventing <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> entries from shadowing them.</p> <p>For this to cause a visible difference in behaviour, there must be a module or package name that is accessible via both <a class="reference internal" href="sys.html#sys.path" title="sys.path"><code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code></a> and one of the non-<span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> file system mechanisms. In this case, the emulation will find the former version, while the builtin import mechanism will find the latter.</p> <p>Items of the following types can be affected by this discrepancy: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.C_EXTENSION</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.PY_SOURCE</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.PY_COMPILED</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp.PKG_DIRECTORY</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.iter_modules"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">iter_modules</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prefix</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.iter_modules" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(module_loader,</span> <span class="pre">name,</span> <span class="pre">ispkg)</span></code> for all submodules on <em>path</em>, or, if path is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, all top-level modules on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></code>.</p> <p><em>path</em> should be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or a list of paths to look for modules in.</p> <p><em>prefix</em> is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.walk_packages"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">walk_packages</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">path</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">prefix</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">onerror</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.walk_packages" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Yields <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(module_loader,</span> <span class="pre">name,</span> <span class="pre">ispkg)</span></code> for all modules recursively on <em>path</em>, or, if path is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, all accessible modules.</p> <p><em>path</em> should be either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or a list of paths to look for modules in.</p> <p><em>prefix</em> is a string to output on the front of every module name on output.</p> <p>Note that this function must import all <em>packages</em> (<em>not</em> all modules!) on the given <em>path</em>, in order to access the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__path__</span></code> attribute to find submodules.</p> <p><em>onerror</em> is a function which gets called with one argument (the name of the package which was being imported) if any exception occurs while trying to import a package. If no <em>onerror</em> function is supplied, <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ImportError</span></code>s are caught and ignored, while all other exceptions are propagated, terminating the search.</p> <p>Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># list all modules python can access</span> <span class="n">walk_packages</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c1"># list all submodules of ctypes</span> <span class="n">walk_packages</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ctypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__path__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ctypes</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__name__</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s1">'.'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="pkgutil.get_data"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">pkgutil.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_data</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">package</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">resource</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pkgutil.get_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Get a resource from a package.</p> <p>This is a wrapper for the <span class="target" id="index-10"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> loader <a class="reference internal" href="#pkgutil.get_data" title="pkgutil.get_data"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_data()</span></code></a> API. The <em>package</em> argument should be the name of a package, in standard module format (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">foo.bar</span></code>). The <em>resource</em> argument should be in the form of a relative filename, using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code> as the path separator. The parent directory name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">..</span></code> is not allowed, and nor is a rooted name (starting with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/</span></code>).</p> <p>The function returns a binary string that is the contents of the specified resource.</p> <p>For packages located in the filesystem, which have already been imported, this is the rough equivalent of:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">d</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">package</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="vm">__file__</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">resource</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s1">'rb'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>If the package cannot be located or loaded, or it uses a <span class="target" id="index-11"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0302"><strong>PEP 302</strong></a> loader which does not support <a class="reference internal" href="#pkgutil.get_data" title="pkgutil.get_data"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get_data()</span></code></a>, then <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> is returned.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.6.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="zipimport.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">31.4. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="modulefinder.html" title="next chapter"><span class="section-number">31.6. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/pkgutil.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> </div> <script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="modulefinder.html" title="31.6. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="zipimport.html" title="31.4. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; 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