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 <section id="module-xml.dom.minidom">
<h1>19.9. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> — Minimal DOM implementation<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.0.
</div>
Source code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/xml/dom/minidom.py">Lib/xml/dom/minidom.py</a>
<hr class="docutils" />
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> is a minimal implementation of the Document Object
Model interface, with an API similar to that in other languages. It is intended
to be simpler than the full DOM and also significantly smaller. Users who are
not already proficient with the DOM should consider using the
<a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html#module-xml.etree.ElementTree" title="xml.etree.ElementTree: Implementation of the ElementTree API."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.etree.ElementTree</code></a> module for their XML processing instead.
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> module is not secure against
maliciously constructed data. If you need to parse untrusted or
unauthenticated data see <a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">XML vulnerabilities</a>.
</div>
DOM applications typically start by parsing some XML into a DOM. With
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>, this is done through the parse functions:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>from xml.dom.minidom import parse, parseString

dom1 = parse(&#39;c:\\temp\\mydata.xml&#39;) # parse an XML file by name

datasource = open(&#39;c:\\temp\\mydata.xml&#39;)
dom2 = parse(datasource) # parse an open file

dom3 = parseString(&#39;&lt;myxml&gt;Some data&lt;empty/&gt; some more data&lt;/myxml&gt;&#39;)
</pre></div>
</div>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parse" title="xml.dom.minidom.parse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parse()</code></a> function can take either a filename or an open file object.
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.parse">
xml.dom.minidom.parse(filename_or_file[, parser[, bufsize]])<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parse" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> from the given input. filename_or_file may be
either a file name, or a file-like object. parser, if given, must be a SAX2
parser object. This function will change the document handler of the parser and
activate namespace support; other parser configuration (like setting an entity
resolver) must have been done in advance.
</dd></dl>

If you have XML in a string, you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parseString" title="xml.dom.minidom.parseString"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parseString()</code></a> function
instead:
<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.parseString">
xml.dom.minidom.parseString(string[, parser])<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parseString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> that represents the string. This method creates a
<a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#StringIO.StringIO" title="StringIO.StringIO"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">StringIO</code></a> object for the string and passes that on to <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parse" title="xml.dom.minidom.parse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parse()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

Both functions return a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> object representing the content of the
document.
What the <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parse" title="xml.dom.minidom.parse"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parse()</code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.parseString" title="xml.dom.minidom.parseString"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">parseString()</code></a> functions do is connect an XML
parser with a “DOM builder” that can accept parse events from any SAX parser and
convert them into a DOM tree. The name of the functions are perhaps misleading,
but are easy to grasp when learning the interfaces. The parsing of the document
will be completed before these functions return; it’s simply that these
functions do not provide a parser implementation themselves.
You can also create a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> by calling a method on a “DOM
Implementation” object. You can get this object either by calling the
<code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">getDOMImplementation()</code> function in the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code></a> package or the
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> module. Using the implementation from the
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> module will always return a <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> instance
from the minidom implementation, while the version from <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code></a> may
provide an alternate implementation (this is likely if you have the <a class="reference external" href="http://pyxml.sourceforge.net/">PyXML
package</a> installed). Once you have a
<code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code>, you can add child nodes to it to populate the DOM:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>from xml.dom.minidom import getDOMImplementation

impl = getDOMImplementation()

newdoc = impl.createDocument(None, &quot;some_tag&quot;, None)
top_element = newdoc.documentElement
text = newdoc.createTextNode(&#39;Some textual content.&#39;)
top_element.appendChild(text)
</pre></div>
</div>
Once you have a DOM document object, you can access the parts of your XML
document through its properties and methods. These properties are defined in
the DOM specification. The main property of the document object is the
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">documentElement</code> property. It gives you the main element in the XML
document: the one that holds all others. Here is an example program:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>dom3 = parseString(&quot;&lt;myxml&gt;Some data&lt;/myxml&gt;&quot;)
assert dom3.documentElement.tagName == &quot;myxml&quot;
</pre></div>
</div>
When you are finished with a DOM tree, you may optionally call the
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">unlink()</code> method to encourage early cleanup of the now-unneeded
objects. <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">unlink()</code> is an <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>-specific
extension to the DOM API that renders the node and its descendants are
essentially useless. Otherwise, Python’s garbage collector will
eventually take care of the objects in the tree.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/">Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification</a></dt><dd>The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<section id="dom-objects">
<h2>19.9.1. DOM Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#dom-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The definition of the DOM API for Python is given as part of the <a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html#module-xml.dom" title="xml.dom: Document Object Model API for Python."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code></a>
module documentation. This section lists the differences between the API and
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>.
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.Node.unlink">
Node.unlink()<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.unlink" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Break internal references within the DOM so that it will be garbage collected on
versions of Python without cyclic GC. Even when cyclic GC is available, using
this can make large amounts of memory available sooner, so calling this on DOM
objects as soon as they are no longer needed is good practice. This only needs
to be called on the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> object, but may be called on child nodes
to discard children of that node.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml">
Node.writexml(writer, indent='', addindent='', newl='')<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Write XML to the writer object. The writer should have a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">write()</code> method
which matches that of the file object interface. The indent parameter is the
indentation of the current node. The addindent parameter is the incremental
indentation to use for subnodes of the current one. The newl parameter
specifies the string to use to terminate newlines.
For the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> node, an additional keyword argument encoding can
be used to specify the encoding field of the XML header.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.1: The optional keyword parameters indent, addindent, and newl were added to
support pretty output.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.3: For the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> node, an additional keyword argument
encoding can be used to specify the encoding field of the XML header.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.Node.toxml">
Node.toxml([encoding])<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.toxml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the XML that the DOM represents as a string.
With no argument, the XML header does not specify an encoding, and the result is
Unicode string if the default encoding cannot represent all characters in the
document. Encoding this string in an encoding other than UTF-8 is likely
incorrect, since UTF-8 is the default encoding of XML.
With an explicit encoding <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id3" id="id1">1</a> argument, the result is a byte string in the
specified encoding. It is recommended that this argument is always specified. To
avoid <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">UnicodeError</code> exceptions in case of unrepresentable text data, the
encoding argument should be specified as “utf-8”.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.3: the encoding argument was introduced; see <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml" title="xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">writexml()</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.Node.toprettyxml">
Node.toprettyxml(indent='\\t', newl='\\n', encoding=None)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.toprettyxml" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a pretty-printed version of the document. indent specifies the
indentation string and defaults to a tabulator; newl specifies the string
emitted at the end of each line and defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate">\n</code>.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.1.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.3: the encoding argument was introduced; see <a class="reference internal" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml" title="xml.dom.minidom.Node.writexml"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">writexml()</code></a>.
</div>
</dd></dl>

The following standard DOM methods have special considerations with
<a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="xml.dom.minidom.Node.cloneNode">
Node.cloneNode(deep)<a class="headerlink" href="#xml.dom.minidom.Node.cloneNode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Although this method was present in the version of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>
packaged with Python 2.0, it was seriously broken. This has been corrected for
subsequent releases.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="dom-example">
<h2>19.9.2. DOM Example<a class="headerlink" href="#dom-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
This example program is a fairly realistic example of a simple program. In this
particular case, we do not take much advantage of the flexibility of the DOM.
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>import xml.dom.minidom

document = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
&lt;slideshow&gt;
&lt;title&gt;Demo slideshow&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;slide&gt;&lt;title&gt;Slide title&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;point&gt;This is a demo&lt;/point&gt;
&lt;point&gt;Of a program for processing slides&lt;/point&gt;
&lt;/slide&gt;

&lt;slide&gt;&lt;title&gt;Another demo slide&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;point&gt;It is important&lt;/point&gt;
&lt;point&gt;To have more than&lt;/point&gt;
&lt;point&gt;one slide&lt;/point&gt;
&lt;/slide&gt;
&lt;/slideshow&gt;
&quot;&quot;&quot;

dom = xml.dom.minidom.parseString(document)

def getText(nodelist):
 rc = []
 for node in nodelist:
 if node.nodeType == node.TEXT_NODE:
 rc.append(node.data)
 return &#39;&#39;.join(rc)

def handleSlideshow(slideshow):
 print &quot;&lt;html&gt;&quot;
 handleSlideshowTitle(slideshow.getElementsByTagName(&quot;title&quot;)[0])
 slides = slideshow.getElementsByTagName(&quot;slide&quot;)
 handleToc(slides)
 handleSlides(slides)
 print &quot;&lt;/html&gt;&quot;

def handleSlides(slides):
 for slide in slides:
 handleSlide(slide)

def handleSlide(slide):
 handleSlideTitle(slide.getElementsByTagName(&quot;title&quot;)[0])
 handlePoints(slide.getElementsByTagName(&quot;point&quot;))

def handleSlideshowTitle(title):
 print &quot;&lt;title&gt;%s&lt;/title&gt;&quot; % getText(title.childNodes)

def handleSlideTitle(title):
 print &quot;&lt;h2&gt;%s&lt;/h2&gt;&quot; % getText(title.childNodes)

def handlePoints(points):
 print &quot;&lt;ul&gt;&quot;
 for point in points:
 handlePoint(point)
 print &quot;&lt;/ul&gt;&quot;

def handlePoint(point):
 print &quot;&lt;li&gt;%s&lt;/li&gt;&quot; % getText(point.childNodes)

def handleToc(slides):
 for slide in slides:
 title = slide.getElementsByTagName(&quot;title&quot;)[0]
 print &quot;&lt;p&gt;%s&lt;/p&gt;&quot; % getText(title.childNodes)

handleSlideshow(dom)
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="minidom-and-the-dom-standard">
<h2>19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard<a class="headerlink" href="#minidom-and-the-dom-standard" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> module is essentially a DOM 1.0-compatible DOM with
some DOM 2 features (primarily namespace features).
Usage of the DOM interface in Python is straight-forward. The following mapping
rules apply:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Interfaces are accessed through instance objects. Applications should not
instantiate the classes themselves; they should use the creator functions
available on the <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Document</code> object. Derived interfaces support all
operations (and attributes) from the base interfaces, plus any new operations.</li>
<li>Operations are used as methods. Since the DOM uses only <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/expressions.html#in"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">in</code></a>
parameters, the arguments are passed in normal order (from left to right).
There are no optional arguments. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">void</code> operations return <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>.</li>
<li>IDL attributes map to instance attributes. For compatibility with the OMG IDL
language mapping for Python, an attribute <code class="docutils literal notranslate">foo</code> can also be accessed through
accessor methods <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">_get_foo()</code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">_set_foo()</code>. <code class="docutils literal notranslate">readonly</code>
attributes must not be changed; this is not enforced at runtime.</li>
<li>The types <code class="docutils literal notranslate">short int</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unsigned int</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unsigned long long</code>, and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">boolean</code> all map to Python integer objects.</li>
<li>The type <code class="docutils literal notranslate">DOMString</code> maps to Python strings. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> supports
either byte or Unicode strings, but will normally produce Unicode strings.
Values of type <code class="docutils literal notranslate">DOMString</code> may also be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code> where allowed to have the IDL
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">null</code> value by the DOM specification from the W3C.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">const</code> declarations map to variables in their respective scope (e.g.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom.Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE</code>); they must not be changed.</li>
<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">DOMException</code> is currently not supported in <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>.
Instead, <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a> uses standard Python exceptions such as
<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code> and <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">AttributeError</code>.</li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">NodeList</code> objects are implemented using Python’s built-in list type.
Starting with Python 2.2, these objects provide the interface defined in the DOM
specification, but with earlier versions of Python they do not support the
official API. They are, however, much more “Pythonic” than the interface
defined in the W3C recommendations.</li>
</ul>
The following interfaces have no implementation in <a class="reference internal" href="#module-xml.dom.minidom" title="xml.dom.minidom: Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code></a>:
<ul class="simple">
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DOMTimeStamp</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DocumentType</code> (added in Python 2.1)</li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DOMImplementation</code> (added in Python 2.1)</li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">CharacterData</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">CDATASection</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Notation</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">Entity</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">EntityReference</code></li>
<li><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">DocumentFragment</code></li>
</ul>
Most of these reflect information in the XML document that is not of general
utility to most DOM users.
Footnotes
<dl class="footnote brackets">
<dt class="label" id="id3"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></dt>
<dd>The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
appropriate standards. For example, “UTF-8” is valid, but “UTF8” is
not. See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl">https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl</a>
and <a class="reference external" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml">https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml</a>.
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>

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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dom-objects">19.9.1. DOM Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#dom-example">19.9.2. DOM Example</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#minidom-and-the-dom-standard">19.9.3. minidom and the DOM standard</a></li>
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