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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
15.58
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__main__.html
8.33
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_winreg.html
73.99
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abc.html
26.82
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aepack.html
15.47
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aetools.html
18.79
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
29.59
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al.html
22.13
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allos.html
35.48
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anydbm.html
19.31
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archiving.html
10.64
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argparse.html
269.59
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array.html
35.35
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ast.html
42.42
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asynchat.html
35.84
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asyncore.html
43.22
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atexit.html
19.23
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audioop.html
41.32
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autogil.html
9.77
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base64.html
24.8
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basehttpserver.html
40.6
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bastion.html
13.02
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bdb.html
50.06
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binascii.html
26.64
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binhex.html
12.66
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bisect.html
28.52
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bsddb.html
32.02
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bz2.html
31.92
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calendar.html
50.16
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carbon.html
54.14
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cd.html
35.24
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cgi.html
58.4
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cgihttpserver.html
15.12
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cgitb.html
13.5
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chunk.html
17.41
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cmath.html
32.41
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cmd.html
32.69
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code.html
28.92
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codecs.html
125.92
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codeop.html
16.42
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collections.html
150.36
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colorpicker.html
9.02
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colorsys.html
14.38
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commands.html
16.63
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compileall.html
21.18
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compiler.html
78.14
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configparser.html
73.92
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constants.html
14.68
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contextlib.html
22.91
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cookie.html
45.38
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cookielib.html
102.78
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copy.html
14.21
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copy_reg.html
15.82
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crypt.html
11.62
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crypto.html
8.35
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csv.html
82.79
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ctypes.html
280.57
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curses.ascii.html
28.97
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curses.html
200.94
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curses.panel.html
18.43
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custominterp.html
8.59
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datatypes.html
18.84
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datetime.html
261.02
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dbhash.html
18.4
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dbm.html
14.75
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debug.html
11.28
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decimal.html
239.14
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development.html
15.27
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difflib.html
96.93
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dircache.html
13.66
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dis.html
96.52
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distribution.html
8.27
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distutils.html
10.97
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dl.html
19.27
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doctest.html
193.18
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docxmlrpcserver.html
20.02
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dumbdbm.html
16.74
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dummy_thread.html
11.04
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dummy_threading.html
9.96
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easydialogs.html
38.83
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email-examples.html
47.2
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email.charset.html
32.45
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email.encoders.html
14.09
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email.errors.html
19.2
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email.generator.html
24.78
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email.header.html
31.12
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email.html
55.3
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email.iterators.html
14.22
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email.message.html
74.91
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email.mime.html
34.51
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email.parser.html
37.09
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email.utils.html
30.04
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ensurepip.html
20.21
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errno.html
52.31
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exceptions.html
73.4
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fcntl.html
27.85
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filecmp.html
26.49
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fileformats.html
10.21
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fileinput.html
29.36
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filesys.html
11.55
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fl.html
71.58
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fm.html
15
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fnmatch.html
17.78
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formatter.html
43.91
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fpectl.html
17.84
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fpformat.html
12.65
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fractions.html
27.17
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framework.html
44.24
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frameworks.html
8.11
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ftplib.html
56.56
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functions.html
216.84
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functools.html
31.06
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future_builtins.html
15.9
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gc.html
30.74
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gdbm.html
19.35
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gensuitemodule.html
14.54
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getopt.html
26.56
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getpass.html
12.5
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gettext.html
91.32
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gl.html
26.71
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glob.html
15.42
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grp.html
12.33
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gzip.html
21.95
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hashlib.html
27.4
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heapq.html
36.72
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hmac.html
15.97
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hotshot.html
22.69
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htmllib.html
29.9
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htmlparser.html
45.11
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httplib.html
78.55
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i18n.html
10.61
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ic.html
22.03
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idle.html
45.74
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imageop.html
20.94
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imaplib.html
69.9
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imgfile.html
14.91
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imghdr.html
13.43
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imp.html
41.48
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importlib.html
10.27
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imputil.html
36.11
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index.html
82.54
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inspect.html
64.31
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internet.html
26.77
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intro.html
9.76
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io.html
122.3
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ipc.html
17.18
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itertools.html
129.91
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jpeg.html
15.36
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json.html
79.09
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keyword.html
9.27
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language.html
12.35
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linecache.html
12.7
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locale.html
68.54
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logging.config.html
82.23
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logging.handlers.html
91.96
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logging.html
123.15
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mac.html
24.49
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macos.html
18.51
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macosa.html
14.55
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macostools.html
19.67
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macpath.html
9.19
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mailbox.html
185.53
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mailcap.html
15.3
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markup.html
20.37
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marshal.html
19.88
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math.html
50.52
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md5.html
16.65
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mhlib.html
30.04
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mimetools.html
23.84
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mimetypes.html
35.82
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mimewriter.html
18.19
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mimify.html
16.96
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miniaeframe.html
14.5
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misc.html
7.77
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mm.html
10.19
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mmap.html
33.52
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modulefinder.html
19.85
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modules.html
9.68
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msilib.html
72.78
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msvcrt.html
24.1
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multifile.html
28.82
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multiprocessing.html
423.97
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mutex.html
13.56
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netdata.html
19.28
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netrc.html
15.51
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new.html
16.1
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nis.html
13.19
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nntplib.html
51.08
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numbers.html
40.91
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numeric.html
14.85
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operator.html
118.32
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optparse.html
251.08
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os.html
270.49
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os.path.html
48.87
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ossaudiodev.html
49.79
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othergui.html
9.98
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parser.html
44.52
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pdb.html
41.44
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persistence.html
16.25
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pickle.html
107.94
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pickletools.html
13.21
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pipes.html
21.85
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pkgutil.html
30.59
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platform.html
40.14
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plistlib.html
20.96
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popen2.html
30.13
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poplib.html
27.93
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posix.html
17.27
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posixfile.html
23.68
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pprint.html
36.42
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profile.html
76.65
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pty.html
11.42
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pwd.html
13.53
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py_compile.html
13.33
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pyclbr.html
18.14
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pydoc.html
14.33
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pyexpat.html
93.28
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python.html
13.53
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queue.html
29.64
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quopri.html
14.5
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random.html
47.78
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re.html
163.11
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readline.html
41.2
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repr.html
24.57
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resource.html
30.86
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restricted.html
12.69
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rexec.html
43.59
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rfc822.html
51.25
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rlcompleter.html
15.29
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robotparser.html
15.01
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runpy.html
23.55
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sched.html
21.76
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scrolledtext.html
10.67
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select.html
50.17
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sets.html
39.92
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sgi.html
11.09
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sgmllib.html
38.77
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sha.html
14.55
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shelve.html
32.93
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shlex.html
38.43
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shutil.html
49.49
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signal.html
36.52
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simplehttpserver.html
21.57
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
40.41
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site.html
29
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smtpd.html
15.64
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smtplib.html
51.86
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sndhdr.html
12.05
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socket.html
126.94
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socketserver.html
81.38
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someos.html
17.09
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spwd.html
12.25
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sqlite3.html
154.12
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ssl.html
214.5
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stat.html
41.11
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statvfs.html
13.24
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stdtypes.html
309.83
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string.html
129.58
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stringio.html
21.1
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stringprep.html
21.4
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strings.html
16.42
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struct.html
47.68
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subprocess.html
117
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sun.html
7.83
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sunau.html
35.43
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sunaudio.html
21.05
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symbol.html
9.06
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symtable.html
29.03
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sys.html
118.12
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sysconfig.html
28.8
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syslog.html
21.29
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tabnanny.html
12.78
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tarfile.html
99.54
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telnetlib.html
30.46
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tempfile.html
35.02
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termios.html
19.22
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test.html
61.42
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textwrap.html
32.28
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thread.html
22.67
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threading.html
92.04
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time.html
65.55
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timeit.html
44.38
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tix.html
56.73
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tk.html
26.76
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tkinter.html
86.67
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token.html
27.31
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tokenize.html
21.69
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trace.html
33.91
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traceback.html
44.22
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ttk.html
123.83
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tty.html
10.95
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turtle.html
246.17
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types.html
33.66
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undoc.html
25.54
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unicodedata.html
22.64
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unittest.html
246.75
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unix.html
11.9
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urllib.html
71.61
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urllib2.html
128.77
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urlparse.html
49.04
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user.html
13.41
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userdict.html
32.96
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uu.html
13.25
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uuid.html
33.55
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warnings.html
51.86
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wave.html
29.08
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weakref.html
41.14
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webbrowser.html
29.53
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whichdb.html
10.44
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windows.html
10.37
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winsound.html
22.56
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wsgiref.html
94.38
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xdrlib.html
38.05
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xml.dom.html
110.39
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xml.dom.minidom.html
45.23
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xml.dom.pulldom.html
16.32
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xml.etree.elementtree.html
124.2
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xml.html
18.76
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xml.sax.handler.html
47.5
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xml.sax.html
26.04
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xml.sax.reader.html
51.4
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xml.sax.utils.html
18.11
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xmlrpclib.html
71.79
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zipfile.html
67.26
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zipimport.html
24.32
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zlib.html
34.41
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>23.2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="24. 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You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/shlex.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="tk.html" title="24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="cmd.html" title="23.1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="frameworks.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">23. </span>Program Frameworks</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">23.2. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-shlex"> <span id="shlex-simple-lexical-analysis"></span><h1><span class="section-number">23.2. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> — Simple lexical analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#module-shlex" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 1.5.2.</span></p> </div> <p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/2.7/Lib/shlex.py">Lib/shlex.py</a></p> <hr class="docutils" /> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> class makes it easy to write lexical analyzers for simple syntaxes resembling that of the Unix shell. This will often be useful for writing minilanguages, (for example, in run control files for Python applications) or for parsing quoted strings.</p> <p>Prior to Python 2.7.3, this module did not support Unicode input.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> module defines the following functions:</p> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.split"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">split</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">comments</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">posix</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Split the string <em>s</em> using shell-like syntax. If <em>comments</em> is <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code></a> (the default), the parsing of comments in the given string will be disabled (setting the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.commenters" title="shlex.shlex.commenters"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commenters</span></code></a> attribute of the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance to the empty string). This function operates in POSIX mode by default, but uses non-POSIX mode if the <em>posix</em> argument is false.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Added the <em>posix</em> parameter.</p> </div> <div class="admonition note"> <p class="admonition-title">Note</p> <p>Since the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.split" title="shlex.split"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">split()</span></code></a> function instantiates a <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance, passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> for <em>s</em> will read the string to split from standard input.</p> </div> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> module defines the following class:</p> <dl class="py class"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex"> <em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">shlex</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">instream</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">infile</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">posix</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance or subclass instance is a lexical analyzer object. The initialization argument, if present, specifies where to read characters from. It must be a file-/stream-like object with <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOBase.read" title="io.TextIOBase.read"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">read()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.TextIOBase.readline" title="io.TextIOBase.readline"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline()</span></code></a> methods, or a string (strings are accepted since Python 2.3). If no argument is given, input will be taken from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>. The second optional argument is a filename string, which sets the initial value of the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.infile" title="shlex.shlex.infile"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">infile</span></code></a> attribute. If the <em>instream</em> argument is omitted or equal to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>, this second argument defaults to “stdin”. The <em>posix</em> argument was introduced in Python 2.3, and defines the operational mode. When <em>posix</em> is not true (default), the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance will operate in compatibility mode. When operating in POSIX mode, <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> will try to be as close as possible to the POSIX shell parsing rules.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="admonition seealso"> <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> <dl class="simple"> <dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html#module-ConfigParser" title="ConfigParser: Configuration file parser."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code></a></dt><dd><p>Parser for configuration files similar to the Windows <code class="file docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.ini</span></code> files.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <section id="shlex-objects"> <span id="id1"></span><h2><span class="section-number">23.2.1. </span>shlex Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#shlex-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance has the following methods:</p> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.get_token"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">get_token</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.get_token" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a token. If tokens have been stacked using <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.push_token" title="shlex.shlex.push_token"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">push_token()</span></code></a>, pop a token off the stack. Otherwise, read one from the input stream. If reading encounters an immediate end-of-file, <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.eof" title="shlex.shlex.eof"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">eof</span></code></a> is returned (the empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) in non-POSIX mode, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> in POSIX mode).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.push_token"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">push_token</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">str</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.push_token" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Push the argument onto the token stack.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.read_token"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">read_token</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.read_token" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Read a raw token. Ignore the pushback stack, and do not interpret source requests. (This is not ordinarily a useful entry point, and is documented here only for the sake of completeness.)</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.sourcehook"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">sourcehook</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.sourcehook" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> detects a source request (see <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.source" title="shlex.shlex.source"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">source</span></code></a> below) this method is given the following token as argument, and expected to return a tuple consisting of a filename and an open file-like object.</p> <p>Normally, this method first strips any quotes off the argument. If the result is an absolute pathname, or there was no previous source request in effect, or the previous source was a stream (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.stdin</span></code>), the result is left alone. Otherwise, if the result is a relative pathname, the directory part of the name of the file immediately before it on the source inclusion stack is prepended (this behavior is like the way the C preprocessor handles <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#include</span> <span class="pre">"file.h"</span></code>).</p> <p>The result of the manipulations is treated as a filename, and returned as the first component of the tuple, with <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> called on it to yield the second component. (Note: this is the reverse of the order of arguments in instance initialization!)</p> <p>This hook is exposed so that you can use it to implement directory search paths, addition of file extensions, and other namespace hacks. There is no corresponding ‘close’ hook, but a shlex instance will call the <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.close" title="io.IOBase.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close()</span></code></a> method of the sourced input stream when it returns EOF.</p> <p>For more explicit control of source stacking, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.push_source" title="shlex.shlex.push_source"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">push_source()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.pop_source" title="shlex.shlex.pop_source"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pop_source()</span></code></a> methods.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.push_source"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">push_source</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stream</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.push_source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Push an input source stream onto the input stack. If the filename argument is specified it will later be available for use in error messages. This is the same method used internally by the <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.sourcehook" title="shlex.shlex.sourcehook"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sourcehook()</span></code></a> method.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.1.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.pop_source"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">pop_source</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.pop_source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Pop the last-pushed input source from the input stack. This is the same method used internally when the lexer reaches EOF on a stacked input stream.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.1.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.error_leader"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">error_leader</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">file</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">line</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.error_leader" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This method generates an error message leader in the format of a Unix C compiler error label; the format is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'"%s",</span> <span class="pre">line</span> <span class="pre">%d:</span> <span class="pre">'</span></code>, where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%s</span></code> is replaced with the name of the current source file and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">%d</span></code> with the current input line number (the optional arguments can be used to override these).</p> <p>This convenience is provided to encourage <a class="reference internal" href="#module-shlex" title="shlex: Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> users to generate error messages in the standard, parseable format understood by Emacs and other Unix tools.</p> </dd></dl> <p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> subclasses have some public instance variables which either control lexical analysis or can be used for debugging:</p> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.commenters"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">commenters</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.commenters" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The string of characters that are recognized as comment beginners. All characters from the comment beginner to end of line are ignored. Includes just <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'#'</span></code> by default.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.wordchars"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">wordchars</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.wordchars" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The string of characters that will accumulate into multi-character tokens. By default, includes all ASCII alphanumerics and underscore.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.whitespace"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">whitespace</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.whitespace" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Characters that will be considered whitespace and skipped. Whitespace bounds tokens. By default, includes space, tab, linefeed and carriage-return.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.escape"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">escape</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.escape" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Characters that will be considered as escape. This will be only used in POSIX mode, and includes just <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\'</span></code> by default.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.quotes"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">quotes</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.quotes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Characters that will be considered string quotes. The token accumulates until the same quote is encountered again (thus, different quote types protect each other as in the shell.) By default, includes ASCII single and double quotes.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.escapedquotes"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">escapedquotes</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.escapedquotes" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Characters in <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.quotes" title="shlex.shlex.quotes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quotes</span></code></a> that will interpret escape characters defined in <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.escape" title="shlex.shlex.escape"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escape</span></code></a>. This is only used in POSIX mode, and includes just <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'"'</span></code> by default.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.whitespace_split"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">whitespace_split</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.whitespace_split" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, tokens will only be split in whitespaces. This is useful, for example, for parsing command lines with <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a>, getting tokens in a similar way to shell arguments.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.infile"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">infile</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.infile" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The name of the current input file, as initially set at class instantiation time or stacked by later source requests. It may be useful to examine this when constructing error messages.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.instream"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">instream</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.instream" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The input stream from which this <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance is reading characters.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.source"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">source</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.source" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This attribute is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> by default. If you assign a string to it, that string will be recognized as a lexical-level inclusion request similar to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">source</span></code> keyword in various shells. That is, the immediately following token will be opened as a filename and input will be taken from that stream until EOF, at which point the <a class="reference internal" href="io.html#io.IOBase.close" title="io.IOBase.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">close()</span></code></a> method of that stream will be called and the input source will again become the original input stream. Source requests may be stacked any number of levels deep.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.debug"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">debug</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.debug" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>If this attribute is numeric and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code> or more, a <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> instance will print verbose progress output on its behavior. If you need to use this, you can read the module source code to learn the details.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.lineno"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lineno</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.lineno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Source line number (count of newlines seen so far plus one).</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.token"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">token</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.token" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The token buffer. It may be useful to examine this when catching exceptions.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py attribute"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="shlex.shlex.eof"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">shlex.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">eof</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#shlex.shlex.eof" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Token used to determine end of file. This will be set to the empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>), in non-POSIX mode, and to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> in POSIX mode.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.3.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> </section> <section id="parsing-rules"> <span id="shlex-parsing-rules"></span><h2><span class="section-number">23.2.2. </span>Parsing Rules<a class="headerlink" href="#parsing-rules" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>When operating in non-POSIX mode, <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> will try to obey to the following rules.</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>Quote characters are not recognized within words (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Do"Not"Separate</span></code> is parsed as the single word <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Do"Not"Separate</span></code>);</p></li> <li><p>Escape characters are not recognized;</p></li> <li><p>Enclosing characters in quotes preserve the literal value of all characters within the quotes;</p></li> <li><p>Closing quotes separate words (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Do"Separate</span></code> is parsed as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Do"</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Separate</span></code>);</p></li> <li><p>If <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.whitespace_split" title="shlex.shlex.whitespace_split"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whitespace_split</span></code></a> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>, any character not declared to be a word character, whitespace, or a quote will be returned as a single-character token. If it is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> will only split words in whitespaces;</p></li> <li><p>EOF is signaled with an empty string (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>);</p></li> <li><p>It’s not possible to parse empty strings, even if quoted.</p></li> </ul> <p>When operating in POSIX mode, <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex" title="shlex.shlex"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code></a> will try to obey to the following parsing rules.</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>Quotes are stripped out, and do not separate words (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Do"Not"Separate"</span></code> is parsed as the single word <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DoNotSeparate</span></code>);</p></li> <li><p>Non-quoted escape characters (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'\'</span></code>) preserve the literal value of the next character that follows;</p></li> <li><p>Enclosing characters in quotes which are not part of <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.escapedquotes" title="shlex.shlex.escapedquotes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escapedquotes</span></code></a> (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"'"</span></code>) preserve the literal value of all characters within the quotes;</p></li> <li><p>Enclosing characters in quotes which are part of <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.escapedquotes" title="shlex.shlex.escapedquotes"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escapedquotes</span></code></a> (e.g. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">'"'</span></code>) preserves the literal value of all characters within the quotes, with the exception of the characters mentioned in <a class="reference internal" href="#shlex.shlex.escape" title="shlex.shlex.escape"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">escape</span></code></a>. The escape characters retain its special meaning only when followed by the quote in use, or the escape character itself. Otherwise the escape character will be considered a normal character.</p></li> <li><p>EOF is signaled with a <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None" title="None"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code></a> value;</p></li> <li><p>Quoted empty strings (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">''</span></code>) are allowed;</p></li> </ul> </section> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h3><a href="../contents.html">Table of Contents</a></h3> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">23.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#shlex-objects">23.2.1. shlex Objects</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#parsing-rules">23.2.2. Parsing Rules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="cmd.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">23.1. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="tk.html" title="next chapter"><span class="section-number">24. </span>Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/shlex.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> </div> <script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="tk.html" title="24. 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