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Code Editor : struct.html

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 <section id="module-struct">
<h1>7.3. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">struct</code></a> — Interpret strings as packed binary data<a class="headerlink" href="#module-struct" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
This module performs conversions between Python values and C structs represented
as Python strings. This can be used in handling binary data stored in files or
from network connections, among other sources. It uses
<a class="reference internal" href="#struct-format-strings">Format Strings</a> as compact descriptions of the layout of the C
structs and the intended conversion to/from Python values.
<div class="admonition note">
Note
By default, the result of packing a given C struct includes pad bytes in
order to maintain proper alignment for the C types involved; similarly,
alignment is taken into account when unpacking. This behavior is chosen so
that the bytes of a packed struct correspond exactly to the layout in memory
of the corresponding C struct. To handle platform-independent data formats
or omit implicit pad bytes, use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">standard</code> size and alignment instead of
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">native</code> size and alignment: see <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-alignment">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a> for details.
</div>
<section id="functions-and-exceptions">
<h2>7.3.1. Functions and Exceptions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions-and-exceptions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The module defines the following exception and functions:
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.error">
exception struct.error<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string describing what
is wrong.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.pack">
struct.pack(fmt, v1, v2, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.pack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a string containing the values <code class="docutils literal notranslate">v1, v2, ...</code> packed according to the
given format. The arguments must match the values required by the format
exactly.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.pack_into">
struct.pack_into(fmt, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.pack_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Pack the values <code class="docutils literal notranslate">v1, v2, ...</code> according to the given format, write the
packed bytes into the writable buffer starting at offset. Note that the
offset is a required argument.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.unpack">
struct.unpack(fmt, string)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Unpack the string (presumably packed by <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pack(fmt, ...)</code>) according to the
given format. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item.
The string must contain exactly the amount of data required by the format
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(string)</code> must equal <code class="docutils literal notranslate">calcsize(fmt)</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.unpack_from">
struct.unpack_from(fmt, buffer[, offset=0])<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.unpack_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Unpack the buffer according to the given format. The result is a tuple even
if it contains exactly one item. The buffer must contain at least the
amount of data required by the format (<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(buffer[offset:])</code> must be at
least <code class="docutils literal notranslate">calcsize(fmt)</code>).
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py function">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.calcsize">
struct.calcsize(fmt)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.calcsize" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the size of the struct (and hence of the string) corresponding to the
given format.
</dd></dl>

</section>
<section id="format-strings">
<h2>7.3.2. Format Strings<a class="headerlink" href="#format-strings" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
Format strings are the mechanism used to specify the expected layout when
packing and unpacking data. They are built up from <a class="reference internal" href="#format-characters">Format Characters</a>,
which specify the type of data being packed/unpacked. In addition, there are
special characters for controlling the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-alignment">Byte Order, Size, and Alignment</a>.
<section id="byte-order-size-and-alignment">
<h3>7.3.2.1. Byte Order, Size, and Alignment<a class="headerlink" href="#byte-order-size-and-alignment" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
By default, C types are represented in the machine’s native format and byte
order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if necessary (according to the
rules used by the C compiler).
Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to indicate
the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data, according to the
following table:
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 43%" />
<col style="width: 18%" />
<col style="width: 20%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Character</th>
<th class="head">Byte order</th>
<th class="head">Size</th>
<th class="head">Alignment</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">&#64;</code></td>
<td>native</td>
<td>native</td>
<td>native</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">=</code></td>
<td>native</td>
<td>standard</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;</code></td>
<td>little-endian</td>
<td>standard</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;</code></td>
<td>big-endian</td>
<td>standard</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">!</code></td>
<td>network (= big-endian)</td>
<td>standard</td>
<td>none</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
If the first character is not one of these, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&#64;'</code> is assumed.
Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the host
system. For example, Intel x86 and AMD64 (x86-64) are little-endian;
Motorola 68000 and PowerPC G5 are big-endian; ARM and Intel Itanium feature
switchable endianness (bi-endian). Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate">sys.byteorder</code> to check the
endianness of your system.
Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler’s
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">sizeof</code> expression. This is always combined with native byte order.
Standard size depends only on the format character; see the table in
the <a class="reference internal" href="#format-characters">Format Characters</a> section.
Note the difference between <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&#64;'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'='</code>: both use native byte order, but
the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.
The form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'!'</code> is available for those poor souls who claim they can’t remember
whether network byte order is big-endian or little-endian.
There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (force byte-swapping); use the
appropriate choice of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&lt;'</code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&gt;'</code>.
Notes:
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Padding is only automatically added between successive structure members.
No padding is added at the beginning or the end of the encoded struct.</li>
<li>No padding is added when using non-native size and alignment, e.g.
with ‘&lt;’, ‘&gt;’, ‘=’, and ‘!’.</li>
<li>To align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of a
particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a repeat
count of zero. See <a class="reference internal" href="#struct-examples">Examples</a>.</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="format-characters">
<h3>7.3.2.2. Format Characters<a class="headerlink" href="#format-characters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C and
Python values should be obvious given their types. The ‘Standard size’ column
refers to the size of the packed value in bytes when using standard size; that
is, when the format string starts with one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&lt;'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&gt;'</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'!'</code> or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'='</code>. When using native size, the size of the packed value is
platform-dependent.
<table class="docutils align-default">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 32%" />
<col style="width: 24%" />
<col style="width: 20%" />
<col style="width: 15%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Format</th>
<th class="head">C Type</th>
<th class="head">Python type</th>
<th class="head">Standard size</th>
<th class="head">Notes</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">x</code></td>
<td>pad byte</td>
<td>no value</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">c</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">char</code></td>
<td>string of length 1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">b</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">signed char</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">B</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">unsigned char</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">?</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">_Bool</code></td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>(1)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">h</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">short</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">H</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">unsigned short</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">i</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">int</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">I</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">unsigned int</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">l</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">long</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">L</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">unsigned long</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>(3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">q</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">long long</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>(2), (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">Q</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">unsigned long
long</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>(2), (3)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">f</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">float</code></td>
<td>float</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>(4)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">d</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">double</code></td>
<td>float</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>(4)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">s</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">char[]</code></td>
<td>string</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">p</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">char[]</code></td>
<td>string</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><code class="docutils literal notranslate">P</code></td>
<td><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">void *</code></td>
<td>integer</td>
<td></td>
<td>(5), (3)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Notes:
<ol class="arabic">
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'?'</code> conversion code corresponds to the <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">_Bool</code> type defined by
C99. If this type is not available, it is simulated using a <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">char</code>. In
standard mode, it is always represented by one byte.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.6.
</div>
</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'q'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'Q'</code> conversion codes are available in native mode only if
the platform C compiler supports C <code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">long long</code>, or, on Windows,
<code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate">__int64</code>. They are always available in standard modes.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.2.
</div>
</li>
<li>When attempting to pack a non-integer using any of the integer conversion
codes, if the non-integer has a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__index__()</code> method then that method is
called to convert the argument to an integer before packing. If no
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__index__()</code> method exists, or the call to <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__index__()</code> raises
<code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">TypeError</code>, then the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__int__()</code> method is tried. However, the use
of <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__int__()</code> is deprecated, and will raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">DeprecationWarning</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.7: Use of the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__index__()</code> method for non-integers is new in 2.7.
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.7: Prior to version 2.7, not all integer conversion codes would use the
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">__int__()</code> method to convert, and <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate">DeprecationWarning</code> was
raised only for float arguments.
</div>
</li>
<li>For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'f'</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'d'</code> conversion codes, the packed representation uses
the IEEE 754 binary32 (for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'f'</code>) or binary64 (for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'d'</code>) format,
regardless of the floating-point format used by the platform.</li>
<li>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'P'</code> format character is only available for the native byte ordering
(selected as the default or with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'&#64;'</code> byte order character). The byte
order character <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'='</code> chooses to use little- or big-endian ordering based
on the host system. The struct module does not interpret this as native
ordering, so the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'P'</code> format is not available.</li>
</ol>
A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count. For example,
the format string <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'4h'</code> means exactly the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'hhhh'</code>.
Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its format must
not contain whitespace though.
For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'s'</code> format character, the count is interpreted as the size of the
string, not a repeat count like for the other format characters; for example,
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'10s'</code> means a single 10-byte string, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'10c'</code> means 10 characters.
If a count is not given, it defaults to 1. For packing, the string is
truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to make it fit. For
unpacking, the resulting string always has exactly the specified number of
bytes. As a special case, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'0s'</code> means a single, empty string (while
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">'0c'</code> means 0 characters).
The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'p'</code> format character encodes a “Pascal string”, meaning a short
variable-length string stored in a fixed number of bytes, given by the count.
The first byte stored is the length of the string, or 255, whichever is smaller.
The bytes of the string follow. If the string passed in to <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack" title="struct.pack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pack()</code></a> is too
long (longer than the count minus 1), only the leading <code class="docutils literal notranslate">count-1</code> bytes of the
string are stored. If the string is shorter than <code class="docutils literal notranslate">count-1</code>, it is padded with
null bytes so that exactly count bytes in all are used. Note that for
<a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack" title="struct.unpack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">unpack()</code></a>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'p'</code> format character consumes count bytes, but that the
string returned can never contain more than 255 characters.
For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'P'</code> format character, the return value is a Python integer or long
integer, depending on the size needed to hold a pointer when it has been cast to
an integer type. A NULL pointer will always be returned as the Python integer
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">0</code>. When packing pointer-sized values, Python integer or long integer objects
may be used. For example, the Alpha and Merced processors use 64-bit pointer
values, meaning a Python long integer will be used to hold the pointer; other
platforms use 32-bit pointers and will use a Python integer.
For the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'?'</code> format character, the return value is either <a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True" title="True"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">True</code></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False" title="False"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate">False</code></a>. When packing, the truth value of the argument object is used.
Either 0 or 1 in the native or standard bool representation will be packed, and
any non-zero value will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code> when unpacking.
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h3>7.3.2.3. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<div class="admonition note">
Note
All examples assume a native byte order, size, and alignment with a
big-endian machine.
</div>
A basic example of packing/unpacking three integers:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; from struct import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; pack(&#39;hhl&#39;, 1, 2, 3)
&#39;\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; unpack(&#39;hhl&#39;, &#39;\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03&#39;)
(1, 2, 3)
&gt;&gt;&gt; calcsize(&#39;hhl&#39;)
8
</pre></div>
</div>
Unpacked fields can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping
the result in a named tuple:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; record = &#39;raymond \x32\x12\x08\x01\x08&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; name, serialnum, school, gradelevel = unpack(&#39;&lt;10sHHb&#39;, record)

&gt;&gt;&gt; from collections import namedtuple
&gt;&gt;&gt; Student = namedtuple(&#39;Student&#39;, &#39;name serialnum school gradelevel&#39;)
&gt;&gt;&gt; Student._make(unpack(&#39;&lt;10sHHb&#39;, record))
Student(name=&#39;raymond &#39;, serialnum=4658, school=264, gradelevel=8)
</pre></div>
</div>
The ordering of format characters may have an impact on size since the padding
needed to satisfy alignment requirements is different:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; pack(&#39;ci&#39;, &#39;*&#39;, 0x12131415)
&#39;*\x00\x00\x00\x12\x13\x14\x15&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; pack(&#39;ic&#39;, 0x12131415, &#39;*&#39;)
&#39;\x12\x13\x14\x15*&#39;
&gt;&gt;&gt; calcsize(&#39;ci&#39;)
8
&gt;&gt;&gt; calcsize(&#39;ic&#39;)
5
</pre></div>
</div>
The following format <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'llh0l'</code> specifies two pad bytes at the end, assuming
longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries:
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre>&gt;&gt;&gt; pack(&#39;llh0l&#39;, 1, 2, 3)
&#39;\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x00&#39;
</pre></div>
</div>
This only works when native size and alignment are in effect; standard size and
alignment does not enforce any alignment.
<div class="admonition seealso">
See also
<dl class="simple">
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="array.html#module-array" title="array: Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">array</code></a></dt><dd>Packed binary storage of homogeneous data.
</dd>
<dt>Module <a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html#module-xdrlib" title="xdrlib: Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR)."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xdrlib</code></a></dt><dd>Packing and unpacking of XDR data.
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="classes">
<h2>7.3.3. Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">struct</code></a> module also defines the following type:
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct">
class struct.Struct(format)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return a new Struct object which writes and reads binary data according to
the format string format. Creating a Struct object once and calling its
methods is more efficient than calling the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-struct" title="struct: Interpret strings as packed binary data."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">struct</code></a> functions with the
same format since the format string only needs to be compiled once.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
Compiled Struct objects support the following methods and attributes:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.pack">
pack(v1, v2, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.pack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack" title="struct.pack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pack()</code></a> function, using the compiled format.
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(result)</code> will equal <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">self.size</code>.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.pack_into">
pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.pack_into" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.pack_into" title="struct.pack_into"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">pack_into()</code></a> function, using the compiled format.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.unpack">
unpack(string)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.unpack" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack" title="struct.unpack"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">unpack()</code></a> function, using the compiled format.
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(string)</code> must equal <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">self.size</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.unpack_from">
unpack_from(buffer, offset=0)<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.unpack_from" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Identical to the <a class="reference internal" href="#struct.unpack_from" title="struct.unpack_from"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">unpack_from()</code></a> function, using the compiled format.
(<code class="docutils literal notranslate">len(buffer[offset:])</code> must be at least <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">self.size</code>).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.format">
format<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.format" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The format string used to construct this Struct object.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py attribute">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="struct.Struct.size">
size<a class="headerlink" href="#struct.Struct.size" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The calculated size of the struct (and hence of the string) corresponding
to <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#format" title="format"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">format</code></a>.
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