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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
15.58
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__main__.html
8.33
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_winreg.html
73.99
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abc.html
26.82
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aepack.html
15.47
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aetools.html
18.79
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
29.59
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al.html
22.13
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allos.html
35.48
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anydbm.html
19.31
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archiving.html
10.64
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argparse.html
269.59
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array.html
35.35
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ast.html
42.42
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asynchat.html
35.84
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asyncore.html
43.22
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atexit.html
19.23
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audioop.html
41.32
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autogil.html
9.77
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base64.html
24.8
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basehttpserver.html
40.6
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bastion.html
13.02
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bdb.html
50.06
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binascii.html
26.64
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binhex.html
12.66
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bisect.html
28.52
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bsddb.html
32.02
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bz2.html
31.92
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calendar.html
50.16
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carbon.html
54.14
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cd.html
35.24
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cgi.html
58.4
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cgihttpserver.html
15.12
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cgitb.html
13.5
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chunk.html
17.41
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cmath.html
32.41
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cmd.html
32.69
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code.html
28.92
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codecs.html
125.92
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codeop.html
16.42
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collections.html
150.36
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colorpicker.html
9.02
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colorsys.html
14.38
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commands.html
16.63
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compileall.html
21.18
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compiler.html
78.14
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configparser.html
73.92
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constants.html
14.68
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contextlib.html
22.91
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cookie.html
45.38
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cookielib.html
102.78
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copy.html
14.21
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copy_reg.html
15.82
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crypt.html
11.62
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crypto.html
8.35
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csv.html
82.79
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ctypes.html
280.57
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curses.ascii.html
28.97
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curses.html
200.94
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curses.panel.html
18.43
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custominterp.html
8.59
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datatypes.html
18.84
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datetime.html
261.02
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dbhash.html
18.4
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dbm.html
14.75
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debug.html
11.28
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decimal.html
239.14
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development.html
15.27
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difflib.html
96.93
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dircache.html
13.66
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dis.html
96.52
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distribution.html
8.27
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distutils.html
10.97
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dl.html
19.27
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doctest.html
193.18
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docxmlrpcserver.html
20.02
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dumbdbm.html
16.74
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dummy_thread.html
11.04
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dummy_threading.html
9.96
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easydialogs.html
38.83
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email-examples.html
47.2
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email.charset.html
32.45
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email.encoders.html
14.09
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email.errors.html
19.2
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email.generator.html
24.78
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email.header.html
31.12
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email.html
55.3
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email.iterators.html
14.22
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email.message.html
74.91
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email.mime.html
34.51
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email.parser.html
37.09
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email.utils.html
30.04
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ensurepip.html
20.21
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errno.html
52.31
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exceptions.html
73.4
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fcntl.html
27.85
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filecmp.html
26.49
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fileformats.html
10.21
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fileinput.html
29.36
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filesys.html
11.55
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fl.html
71.58
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fm.html
15
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fnmatch.html
17.78
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formatter.html
43.91
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fpectl.html
17.84
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fpformat.html
12.65
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fractions.html
27.17
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framework.html
44.24
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frameworks.html
8.11
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ftplib.html
56.56
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functions.html
216.84
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functools.html
31.06
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future_builtins.html
15.9
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gc.html
30.74
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gdbm.html
19.35
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gensuitemodule.html
14.54
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getopt.html
26.56
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getpass.html
12.5
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gettext.html
91.32
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gl.html
26.71
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glob.html
15.42
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grp.html
12.33
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gzip.html
21.95
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hashlib.html
27.4
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heapq.html
36.72
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hmac.html
15.97
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hotshot.html
22.69
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htmllib.html
29.9
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htmlparser.html
45.11
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httplib.html
78.55
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i18n.html
10.61
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ic.html
22.03
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idle.html
45.74
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imageop.html
20.94
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imaplib.html
69.9
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imgfile.html
14.91
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imghdr.html
13.43
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imp.html
41.48
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importlib.html
10.27
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imputil.html
36.11
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index.html
82.54
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inspect.html
64.31
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internet.html
26.77
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intro.html
9.76
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io.html
122.3
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ipc.html
17.18
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itertools.html
129.91
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jpeg.html
15.36
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json.html
79.09
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keyword.html
9.27
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language.html
12.35
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linecache.html
12.7
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locale.html
68.54
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logging.config.html
82.23
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logging.handlers.html
91.96
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logging.html
123.15
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mac.html
24.49
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macos.html
18.51
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macosa.html
14.55
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macostools.html
19.67
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macpath.html
9.19
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mailbox.html
185.53
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mailcap.html
15.3
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markup.html
20.37
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marshal.html
19.88
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math.html
50.52
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md5.html
16.65
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mhlib.html
30.04
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mimetools.html
23.84
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mimetypes.html
35.82
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mimewriter.html
18.19
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mimify.html
16.96
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miniaeframe.html
14.5
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misc.html
7.77
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mm.html
10.19
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mmap.html
33.52
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modulefinder.html
19.85
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modules.html
9.68
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msilib.html
72.78
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msvcrt.html
24.1
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multifile.html
28.82
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multiprocessing.html
423.97
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mutex.html
13.56
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netdata.html
19.28
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netrc.html
15.51
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new.html
16.1
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nis.html
13.19
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nntplib.html
51.08
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numbers.html
40.91
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numeric.html
14.85
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operator.html
118.32
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optparse.html
251.08
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os.html
270.49
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os.path.html
48.87
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ossaudiodev.html
49.79
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othergui.html
9.98
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parser.html
44.52
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pdb.html
41.44
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persistence.html
16.25
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pickle.html
107.94
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pickletools.html
13.21
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pipes.html
21.85
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pkgutil.html
30.59
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platform.html
40.14
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plistlib.html
20.96
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popen2.html
30.13
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poplib.html
27.93
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posix.html
17.27
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posixfile.html
23.68
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pprint.html
36.42
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profile.html
76.65
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pty.html
11.42
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pwd.html
13.53
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py_compile.html
13.33
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pyclbr.html
18.14
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pydoc.html
14.33
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pyexpat.html
93.28
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python.html
13.53
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queue.html
29.64
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quopri.html
14.5
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random.html
47.78
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re.html
163.11
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readline.html
41.2
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repr.html
24.57
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resource.html
30.86
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restricted.html
12.69
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rexec.html
43.59
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rfc822.html
51.25
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rlcompleter.html
15.29
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robotparser.html
15.01
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runpy.html
23.55
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sched.html
21.76
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scrolledtext.html
10.67
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select.html
50.17
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sets.html
39.92
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sgi.html
11.09
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sgmllib.html
38.77
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sha.html
14.55
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shelve.html
32.93
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shlex.html
38.43
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shutil.html
49.49
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signal.html
36.52
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simplehttpserver.html
21.57
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
40.41
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site.html
29
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smtpd.html
15.64
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smtplib.html
51.86
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sndhdr.html
12.05
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socket.html
126.94
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socketserver.html
81.38
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someos.html
17.09
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spwd.html
12.25
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sqlite3.html
154.12
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ssl.html
214.5
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stat.html
41.11
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statvfs.html
13.24
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stdtypes.html
309.83
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string.html
129.58
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stringio.html
21.1
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stringprep.html
21.4
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strings.html
16.42
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struct.html
47.68
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subprocess.html
117
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sun.html
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sunau.html
35.43
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sunaudio.html
21.05
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symbol.html
9.06
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symtable.html
29.03
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sys.html
118.12
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sysconfig.html
28.8
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syslog.html
21.29
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tabnanny.html
12.78
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tarfile.html
99.54
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telnetlib.html
30.46
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tempfile.html
35.02
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termios.html
19.22
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test.html
61.42
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textwrap.html
32.28
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thread.html
22.67
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threading.html
92.04
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time.html
65.55
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timeit.html
44.38
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tix.html
56.73
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tk.html
26.76
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tkinter.html
86.67
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token.html
27.31
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tokenize.html
21.69
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trace.html
33.91
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traceback.html
44.22
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ttk.html
123.83
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tty.html
10.95
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turtle.html
246.17
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types.html
33.66
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undoc.html
25.54
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unicodedata.html
22.64
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unittest.html
246.75
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unix.html
11.9
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urllib.html
71.61
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urllib2.html
128.77
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urlparse.html
49.04
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user.html
13.41
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userdict.html
32.96
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uu.html
13.25
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uuid.html
33.55
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warnings.html
51.86
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wave.html
29.08
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weakref.html
41.14
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webbrowser.html
29.53
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whichdb.html
10.44
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windows.html
10.37
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winsound.html
22.56
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wsgiref.html
94.38
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xdrlib.html
38.05
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xml.dom.html
110.39
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xml.dom.minidom.html
45.23
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xml.dom.pulldom.html
16.32
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xml.etree.elementtree.html
124.2
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xml.html
18.76
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xml.sax.handler.html
47.5
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xml.sax.html
26.04
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xml.sax.reader.html
51.4
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xml.sax.utils.html
18.11
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xmlrpclib.html
71.79
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zipfile.html
67.26
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zipimport.html
24.32
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zlib.html
34.41
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>36.12. posixfile — File-like objects with locking support — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="36.13. resource — Resource usage information" href="resource.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="36.11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines" href="pipes.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/posixfile.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/posixfile.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="resource.html" title="36.13. resource — Resource usage information" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="pipes.html" title="36.11. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="unix.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">36. </span>Unix Specific Services</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">36.12. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code> — File-like objects with locking support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-posixfile"> <span id="posixfile-file-like-objects-with-locking-support"></span><h1><span class="section-number">36.12. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#module-posixfile" title="posixfile: A file-like object with support for locking. (deprecated) (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code></a> — File-like objects with locking support<a class="headerlink" href="#module-posixfile" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <div class="deprecated" id="index-0"> <p><span class="versionmodified deprecated">Deprecated since version 1.5: </span>The locking operation that this module provides is done better and more portably by the <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.lockf" title="fcntl.lockf"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl.lockf()</span></code></a> call.</p> </div> <p id="index-1">This module implements some additional functionality over the built-in file objects. In particular, it implements file locking, control over the file flags, and an easy interface to duplicate the file object. The module defines a new file object, the posixfile object. It has all the standard file object methods and adds the methods described below. This module only works for certain flavors of Unix, since it uses <a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html#fcntl.fcntl" title="fcntl.fcntl"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl.fcntl()</span></code></a> for file locking.</p> <p>To instantiate a posixfile object, use the <a class="reference internal" href="#posixfile.open" title="posixfile.open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile.open()</span></code></a> function. The resulting object looks and feels roughly the same as a standard file object.</p> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posixfile" title="posixfile: A file-like object with support for locking. (deprecated) (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code></a> module defines the following constants:</p> <dl class="py data"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.SEEK_SET"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SEEK_SET</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.SEEK_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Offset is calculated from the start of the file.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py data"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.SEEK_CUR"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SEEK_CUR</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.SEEK_CUR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Offset is calculated from the current position in the file.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py data"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.SEEK_END"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">SEEK_END</span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.SEEK_END" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Offset is calculated from the end of the file.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-posixfile" title="posixfile: A file-like object with support for locking. (deprecated) (Unix)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code></a> module defines the following functions:</p> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.open"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">open</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filename</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">mode</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">bufsize</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.open" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a new posixfile object with the given filename and mode. The <em>filename</em>, <em>mode</em> and <em>bufsize</em> arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open" title="open"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code></a> function.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.fileopen"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">fileopen</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fileobject</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.fileopen" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Create a new posixfile object with the given standard file object. The resulting object has the same filename and mode as the original file object.</p> </dd></dl> <p>The posixfile object defines the following additional methods:</p> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.posixfile.lock"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">lock</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fmt</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">len</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">start</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">whence</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.posixfile.lock" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Lock the specified section of the file that the file object is referring to. The format is explained below in a table. The <em>len</em> argument specifies the length of the section that should be locked. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. <em>start</em> specifies the starting offset of the section, where the default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>. The <em>whence</em> argument specifies where the offset is relative to. It accepts one of the constants <a class="reference internal" href="#posixfile.SEEK_SET" title="posixfile.SEEK_SET"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SEEK_SET</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#posixfile.SEEK_CUR" title="posixfile.SEEK_CUR"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SEEK_CUR</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#posixfile.SEEK_END" title="posixfile.SEEK_END"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SEEK_END</span></code></a>. The default is <a class="reference internal" href="#posixfile.SEEK_SET" title="posixfile.SEEK_SET"><code class="xref py py-const docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SEEK_SET</span></code></a>. For more information about the arguments refer to the <em class="manpage">fcntl(2)</em> manual page on your system.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.posixfile.flags"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">flags</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">flags</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.posixfile.flags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Set the specified flags for the file that the file object is referring to. The new flags are ORed with the old flags, unless specified otherwise. The format is explained below in a table. Without the <em>flags</em> argument a string indicating the current flags is returned (this is the same as the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code> modifier). For more information about the flags refer to the <em class="manpage">fcntl(2)</em> manual page on your system.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.posixfile.dup"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dup</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.posixfile.dup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Duplicate the file object and the underlying file pointer and file descriptor. The resulting object behaves as if it were newly opened.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.posixfile.dup2"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">dup2</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fd</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.posixfile.dup2" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Duplicate the file object and the underlying file pointer and file descriptor. The new object will have the given file descriptor. Otherwise the resulting object behaves as if it were newly opened.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py method"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="posixfile.posixfile.file"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">posixfile.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">file</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#posixfile.posixfile.file" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return the standard file object that the posixfile object is based on. This is sometimes necessary for functions that insist on a standard file object.</p> </dd></dl> <p>All methods raise <code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">IOError</span></code> when the request fails.</p> <p>Format characters for the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lock()</span></code> method have the following meaning:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 15%" /> <col style="width: 85%" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Format</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">u</span></code></p></td> <td><p>unlock the specified region</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code></p></td> <td><p>request a read lock for the specified section</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">w</span></code></p></td> <td><p>request a write lock for the specified section</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In addition the following modifiers can be added to the format:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 20%" /> <col style="width: 65%" /> <col style="width: 14%" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Modifier</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Notes</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">|</span></code></p></td> <td><p>wait until the lock has been granted</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code></p></td> <td><p>return the first lock conflicting with the requested lock, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if there is no conflict.</p></td> <td><p>(1)</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Note:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li><p>The lock returned is in the format <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(mode,</span> <span class="pre">len,</span> <span class="pre">start,</span> <span class="pre">whence,</span> <span class="pre">pid)</span></code> where <em>mode</em> is a character representing the type of lock (‘r’ or ‘w’). This modifier prevents a request from being granted; it is for query purposes only.</p></li> </ol> <p>Format characters for the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flags()</span></code> method have the following meanings:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 15%" /> <col style="width: 85%" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Format</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">a</span></code></p></td> <td><p>append only flag</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c</span></code></p></td> <td><p>close on exec flag</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code></p></td> <td><p>no delay flag (also called non-blocking flag)</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">s</span></code></p></td> <td><p>synchronization flag</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>In addition the following modifiers can be added to the format:</p> <table class="docutils align-default"> <colgroup> <col style="width: 20%" /> <col style="width: 66%" /> <col style="width: 14%" /> </colgroup> <thead> <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Modifier</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th> <th class="head"><p>Notes</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code></p></td> <td><p>turn the specified flags ‘off’, instead of the default ‘on’</p></td> <td><p>(1)</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code></p></td> <td><p>replace the flags, instead of the default ‘OR’ operation</p></td> <td><p>(1)</p></td> </tr> <tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">?</span></code></p></td> <td><p>return a string in which the characters represent the flags that are set.</p></td> <td><p>(2)</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Notes:</p> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li><p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">!</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">=</span></code> modifiers are mutually exclusive.</p></li> <li><p>This string represents the flags after they may have been altered by the same call.</p></li> </ol> <p>Examples:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">posixfile</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">posixfile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'testfile'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'w|'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lock</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'u'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> </pre></div> </div> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="pipes.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">36.11. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a 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