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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
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__main__.html
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_winreg.html
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abc.html
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aepack.html
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aetools.html
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
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al.html
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allos.html
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anydbm.html
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archiving.html
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argparse.html
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array.html
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ast.html
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asynchat.html
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asyncore.html
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atexit.html
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audioop.html
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autogil.html
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base64.html
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basehttpserver.html
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bastion.html
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bdb.html
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binascii.html
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binhex.html
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bisect.html
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bsddb.html
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bz2.html
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calendar.html
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carbon.html
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cd.html
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cgi.html
58.4
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cgihttpserver.html
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cgitb.html
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chunk.html
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cmath.html
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cmd.html
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code.html
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codecs.html
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codeop.html
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collections.html
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colorpicker.html
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colorsys.html
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commands.html
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compileall.html
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compiler.html
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configparser.html
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constants.html
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contextlib.html
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cookie.html
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cookielib.html
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copy.html
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copy_reg.html
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crypt.html
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crypto.html
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csv.html
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ctypes.html
280.57
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curses.ascii.html
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curses.html
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curses.panel.html
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custominterp.html
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datatypes.html
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datetime.html
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dbhash.html
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dbm.html
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debug.html
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decimal.html
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development.html
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difflib.html
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dircache.html
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dis.html
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distribution.html
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distutils.html
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dl.html
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doctest.html
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docxmlrpcserver.html
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dumbdbm.html
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dummy_thread.html
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dummy_threading.html
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easydialogs.html
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email-examples.html
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email.charset.html
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email.encoders.html
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email.errors.html
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email.generator.html
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email.header.html
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email.html
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email.iterators.html
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email.message.html
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email.mime.html
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email.parser.html
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email.utils.html
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ensurepip.html
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errno.html
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exceptions.html
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fcntl.html
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filecmp.html
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fileformats.html
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fileinput.html
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filesys.html
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fl.html
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fm.html
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fnmatch.html
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formatter.html
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fpectl.html
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fpformat.html
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fractions.html
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framework.html
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frameworks.html
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ftplib.html
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functions.html
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functools.html
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future_builtins.html
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gc.html
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gdbm.html
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gensuitemodule.html
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getopt.html
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getpass.html
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gettext.html
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gl.html
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glob.html
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grp.html
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gzip.html
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hashlib.html
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heapq.html
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hmac.html
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hotshot.html
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htmllib.html
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htmlparser.html
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httplib.html
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i18n.html
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ic.html
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idle.html
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imageop.html
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imaplib.html
69.9
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imgfile.html
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imghdr.html
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imp.html
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importlib.html
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imputil.html
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index.html
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inspect.html
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internet.html
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intro.html
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io.html
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ipc.html
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itertools.html
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jpeg.html
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json.html
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keyword.html
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language.html
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linecache.html
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locale.html
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logging.config.html
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logging.handlers.html
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logging.html
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mac.html
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macos.html
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macosa.html
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macostools.html
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macpath.html
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mailbox.html
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mailcap.html
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markup.html
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marshal.html
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math.html
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md5.html
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mhlib.html
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mimetools.html
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mimetypes.html
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mimewriter.html
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mimify.html
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miniaeframe.html
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misc.html
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mm.html
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mmap.html
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modulefinder.html
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modules.html
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msilib.html
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msvcrt.html
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multifile.html
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multiprocessing.html
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mutex.html
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netdata.html
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netrc.html
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new.html
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nis.html
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nntplib.html
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numbers.html
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numeric.html
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operator.html
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optparse.html
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os.html
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os.path.html
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othergui.html
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parser.html
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pdb.html
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persistence.html
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pickle.html
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pickletools.html
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pipes.html
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pkgutil.html
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platform.html
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plistlib.html
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poplib.html
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posix.html
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posixfile.html
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pprint.html
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profile.html
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pwd.html
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py_compile.html
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pyclbr.html
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pydoc.html
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pyexpat.html
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python.html
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queue.html
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random.html
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re.html
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readline.html
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repr.html
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resource.html
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restricted.html
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rexec.html
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rfc822.html
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rlcompleter.html
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robotparser.html
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runpy.html
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sched.html
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select.html
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sets.html
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sgi.html
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sgmllib.html
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sha.html
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shelve.html
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shutil.html
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signal.html
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simplehttpserver.html
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
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site.html
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smtpd.html
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smtplib.html
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sndhdr.html
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socket.html
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someos.html
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spwd.html
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sqlite3.html
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ssl.html
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stat.html
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statvfs.html
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stdtypes.html
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string.html
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stringio.html
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stringprep.html
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strings.html
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struct.html
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subprocess.html
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sun.html
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sunau.html
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symbol.html
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symtable.html
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sys.html
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sysconfig.html
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test.html
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textwrap.html
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threading.html
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time.html
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tix.html
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tkinter.html
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token.html
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tokenize.html
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trace.html
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traceback.html
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ttk.html
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tty.html
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turtle.html
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undoc.html
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unittest.html
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unix.html
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urllib.html
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urlparse.html
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user.html
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userdict.html
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uuid.html
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weakref.html
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whichdb.html
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windows.html
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xml.dom.html
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xml.sax.html
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xmlrpclib.html
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zipfile.html
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zipimport.html
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zlib.html
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${this.title}
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Code Editor : allos.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>15. Generic Operating System Services — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces" href="os.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm" href="sha.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/allos.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/allos.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="os.html" title="15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="sha.html" title="14.4. sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">15. </span>Generic Operating System Services</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="generic-operating-system-services"> <span id="allos"></span><h1><span class="section-number">15. </span>Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well. Here’s an overview:</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">15.1. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">15.1.1. Process Parameters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">15.1.2. File Object Creation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">15.1.3. File Descriptor Operations</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#open-flag-constants">15.1.3.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">open()</span></code> flag constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">15.1.4. Files and Directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">15.1.5. Process Management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">15.1.6. Miscellaneous System Information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-functions">15.1.7. Miscellaneous Functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">15.2. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#module-interface">15.2.1. Module Interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">15.2.2. I/O Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">15.2.3. Raw File I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">15.2.4. Buffered Streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">15.2.5. Text I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#advanced-topics">15.2.6. Advanced topics</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">15.2.6.1. Performance</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">15.2.6.1.1. Binary I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">15.2.6.1.2. Text I/O</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">15.2.6.2. Multi-threading</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">15.2.6.3. Reentrancy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">15.3. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">15.4. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#example">15.4.1. Example</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#creating-a-parser">15.4.1.1. Creating a parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#adding-arguments">15.4.1.2. Adding arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parsing-arguments">15.4.1.3. Parsing arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argumentparser-objects">15.4.2. ArgumentParser objects</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prog">15.4.2.1. prog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#usage">15.4.2.2. usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#description">15.4.2.3. description</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#epilog">15.4.2.4. epilog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parents">15.4.2.5. parents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#formatter-class">15.4.2.6. formatter_class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#prefix-chars">15.4.2.7. prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#fromfile-prefix-chars">15.4.2.8. fromfile_prefix_chars</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-default">15.4.2.9. argument_default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#conflict-handler">15.4.2.10. conflict_handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#add-help">15.4.2.11. add_help</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-add-argument-method">15.4.3. The add_argument() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#name-or-flags">15.4.3.1. name or flags</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action">15.4.3.2. action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#nargs">15.4.3.3. nargs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#const">15.4.3.4. const</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#default">15.4.3.5. default</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#type">15.4.3.6. type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#choices">15.4.3.7. choices</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#required">15.4.3.8. required</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#help">15.4.3.9. help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#metavar">15.4.3.10. metavar</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#dest">15.4.3.11. dest</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#action-classes">15.4.3.12. Action classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-parse-args-method">15.4.4. The parse_args() method</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#option-value-syntax">15.4.4.1. Option value syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#invalid-arguments">15.4.4.2. Invalid arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#arguments-containing">15.4.4.3. Arguments containing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-abbreviations-prefix-matching">15.4.4.4. Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#beyond-sys-argv">15.4.4.5. Beyond <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys.argv</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#the-namespace-object">15.4.4.6. The Namespace object</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#other-utilities">15.4.5. Other utilities</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#sub-commands">15.4.5.1. Sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#filetype-objects">15.4.5.2. FileType objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#argument-groups">15.4.5.3. Argument groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#mutual-exclusion">15.4.5.4. Mutual exclusion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#parser-defaults">15.4.5.5. Parser defaults</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#printing-help">15.4.5.6. Printing help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#partial-parsing">15.4.5.7. Partial parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#customizing-file-parsing">15.4.5.8. Customizing file parsing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#exiting-methods">15.4.5.9. Exiting methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html#upgrading-optparse-code">15.4.6. Upgrading optparse code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html">15.5. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#background">15.5.1. Background</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#terminology">15.5.1.1. Terminology</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#what-are-options-for">15.5.1.2. What are options for?</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#what-are-positional-arguments-for">15.5.1.3. What are positional arguments for?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#tutorial">15.5.2. Tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#understanding-option-actions">15.5.2.1. Understanding option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#the-store-action">15.5.2.2. The store action</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#handling-boolean-flag-options">15.5.2.3. Handling boolean (flag) options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#other-actions">15.5.2.4. Other actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#default-values">15.5.2.5. Default values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#generating-help">15.5.2.6. Generating help</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l4"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#grouping-options">15.5.2.6.1. Grouping Options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#printing-a-version-string">15.5.2.7. Printing a version string</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#how-optparse-handles-errors">15.5.2.8. How <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> handles errors</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#putting-it-all-together">15.5.2.9. Putting it all together</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#reference-guide">15.5.3. Reference Guide</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#creating-the-parser">15.5.3.1. Creating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#populating-the-parser">15.5.3.2. Populating the parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#defining-options">15.5.3.3. Defining options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#option-attributes">15.5.3.4. Option attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#standard-option-actions">15.5.3.5. Standard option actions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#standard-option-types">15.5.3.6. Standard option types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#parsing-arguments">15.5.3.7. Parsing arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#querying-and-manipulating-your-option-parser">15.5.3.8. Querying and manipulating your option parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#conflicts-between-options">15.5.3.9. Conflicts between options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#cleanup">15.5.3.10. Cleanup</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#other-methods">15.5.3.11. Other methods</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#option-callbacks">15.5.4. Option Callbacks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#defining-a-callback-option">15.5.4.1. Defining a callback option</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#how-callbacks-are-called">15.5.4.2. How callbacks are called</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#raising-errors-in-a-callback">15.5.4.3. Raising errors in a callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-1-trivial-callback">15.5.4.4. Callback example 1: trivial callback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-2-check-option-order">15.5.4.5. Callback example 2: check option order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-3-check-option-order-generalized">15.5.4.6. Callback example 3: check option order (generalized)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-4-check-arbitrary-condition">15.5.4.7. Callback example 4: check arbitrary condition</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-5-fixed-arguments">15.5.4.8. Callback example 5: fixed arguments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#callback-example-6-variable-arguments">15.5.4.9. Callback example 6: variable arguments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#extending-optparse">15.5.5. Extending <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code></a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#adding-new-types">15.5.5.1. Adding new types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html#adding-new-actions">15.5.5.2. Adding new actions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">15.6. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">15.7. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">15.7.1. Logger Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">15.7.2. Logging Levels</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">15.7.3. Handler Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">15.7.4. Formatter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">15.7.5. Filter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">15.7.6. LogRecord Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">15.7.7. LogRecord attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">15.7.8. LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">15.7.9. Thread Safety</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">15.7.10. Module-Level Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">15.7.11. Integration with the warnings module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">15.8. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">15.8.1. Configuration functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">15.8.2. Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">15.8.2.1. Dictionary Schema Details</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">15.8.2.2. Incremental Configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">15.8.2.3. Object connections</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">15.8.2.4. User-defined objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">15.8.2.5. Access to external objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">15.8.2.6. Access to internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">15.8.2.7. Import resolution and custom importers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">15.8.3. Configuration file format</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">15.9. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">15.9.1. StreamHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">15.9.2. FileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">15.9.3. NullHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">15.9.4. WatchedFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">15.9.5. RotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">15.9.6. TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">15.9.7. SocketHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">15.9.8. DatagramHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">15.9.9. SysLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">15.9.10. NTEventLogHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">15.9.11. SMTPHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">15.9.12. MemoryHandler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">15.9.13. HTTPHandler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">15.10. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">15.11. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#functions">15.11.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#window-objects">15.11.2. Window Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#constants">15.11.3. Constants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">15.12. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#textbox-objects">15.12.1. Textbox objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">15.13. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">15.14. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#functions">15.14.1. Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html#panel-objects">15.14.2. Panel Objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">15.15. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">15.15.1. Cross Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#java-platform">15.15.2. Java Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">15.15.3. Windows Platform</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#win95-98-specific">15.15.3.1. Win95/98 specific</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#mac-os-platform">15.15.4. Mac OS Platform</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">15.15.5. Unix Platforms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html">15.16. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">15.17. <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">15.17.1. ctypes tutorial</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">15.17.1.1. Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">15.17.1.2. Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions">15.17.1.3. Calling functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">15.17.1.4. Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">15.17.1.5. Calling functions, continued</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">15.17.1.6. Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">15.17.1.7. Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#return-types">15.17.1.8. Return types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">15.17.1.9. Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">15.17.1.10. Structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structure-union-alignment-and-byte-order">15.17.1.11. Structure/union alignment and byte order</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">15.17.1.12. Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays">15.17.1.13. Arrays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#pointers">15.17.1.14. Pointers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#type-conversions">15.17.1.15. Type conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#incomplete-types">15.17.1.16. Incomplete Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#callback-functions">15.17.1.17. Callback functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">15.17.1.18. Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#surprises">15.17.1.19. Surprises</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">15.17.1.20. Variable-sized data types</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">15.17.2. ctypes reference</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">15.17.2.1. Finding shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">15.17.2.2. Loading shared libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#foreign-functions">15.17.2.3. Foreign functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#function-prototypes">15.17.2.4. Function prototypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#utility-functions">15.17.2.5. Utility functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#data-types">15.17.2.6. Data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">15.17.2.7. Fundamental data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structured-data-types">15.17.2.8. Structured data types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">15.17.2.9. 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