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2to3.html
63.71
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__builtin__.html
11.79
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__future__.html
15.58
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__main__.html
8.33
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_winreg.html
73.99
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abc.html
26.82
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aepack.html
15.47
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aetools.html
18.79
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aetypes.html
27.08
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aifc.html
29.59
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al.html
22.13
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allos.html
35.48
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anydbm.html
19.31
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archiving.html
10.64
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argparse.html
269.59
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array.html
35.35
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ast.html
42.42
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asynchat.html
35.84
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asyncore.html
43.22
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atexit.html
19.23
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audioop.html
41.32
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autogil.html
9.77
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base64.html
24.8
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basehttpserver.html
40.6
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bastion.html
13.02
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bdb.html
50.06
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binascii.html
26.64
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binhex.html
12.66
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bisect.html
28.52
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bsddb.html
32.02
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bz2.html
31.92
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calendar.html
50.16
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carbon.html
54.14
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cd.html
35.24
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cgi.html
58.4
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cgihttpserver.html
15.12
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cgitb.html
13.5
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chunk.html
17.41
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cmath.html
32.41
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cmd.html
32.69
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code.html
28.92
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codecs.html
125.92
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codeop.html
16.42
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collections.html
150.36
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colorpicker.html
9.02
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colorsys.html
14.38
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commands.html
16.63
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compileall.html
21.18
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compiler.html
78.14
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configparser.html
73.92
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constants.html
14.68
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contextlib.html
22.91
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cookie.html
45.38
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cookielib.html
102.78
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copy.html
14.21
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copy_reg.html
15.82
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crypt.html
11.62
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crypto.html
8.35
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csv.html
82.79
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ctypes.html
280.57
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curses.ascii.html
28.97
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curses.html
200.94
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curses.panel.html
18.43
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custominterp.html
8.59
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datatypes.html
18.84
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datetime.html
261.02
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dbhash.html
18.4
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dbm.html
14.75
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debug.html
11.28
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decimal.html
239.14
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development.html
15.27
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difflib.html
96.93
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dircache.html
13.66
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dis.html
96.52
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distribution.html
8.27
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distutils.html
10.97
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dl.html
19.27
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doctest.html
193.18
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docxmlrpcserver.html
20.02
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dumbdbm.html
16.74
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dummy_thread.html
11.04
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dummy_threading.html
9.96
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easydialogs.html
38.83
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email-examples.html
47.2
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email.charset.html
32.45
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email.encoders.html
14.09
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email.errors.html
19.2
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email.generator.html
24.78
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email.header.html
31.12
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email.html
55.3
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email.iterators.html
14.22
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email.message.html
74.91
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email.mime.html
34.51
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email.parser.html
37.09
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email.utils.html
30.04
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ensurepip.html
20.21
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errno.html
52.31
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exceptions.html
73.4
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fcntl.html
27.85
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filecmp.html
26.49
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fileformats.html
10.21
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fileinput.html
29.36
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filesys.html
11.55
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fl.html
71.58
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fm.html
15
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fnmatch.html
17.78
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formatter.html
43.91
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fpectl.html
17.84
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fpformat.html
12.65
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fractions.html
27.17
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framework.html
44.24
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frameworks.html
8.11
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ftplib.html
56.56
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functions.html
216.84
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functools.html
31.06
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future_builtins.html
15.9
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gc.html
30.74
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gdbm.html
19.35
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gensuitemodule.html
14.54
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getopt.html
26.56
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getpass.html
12.5
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gettext.html
91.32
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gl.html
26.71
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glob.html
15.42
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grp.html
12.33
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gzip.html
21.95
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hashlib.html
27.4
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heapq.html
36.72
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hmac.html
15.97
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hotshot.html
22.69
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htmllib.html
29.9
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htmlparser.html
45.11
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httplib.html
78.55
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i18n.html
10.61
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ic.html
22.03
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idle.html
45.74
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imageop.html
20.94
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imaplib.html
69.9
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imgfile.html
14.91
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imghdr.html
13.43
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imp.html
41.48
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importlib.html
10.27
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imputil.html
36.11
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index.html
82.54
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inspect.html
64.31
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internet.html
26.77
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intro.html
9.76
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io.html
122.3
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ipc.html
17.18
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itertools.html
129.91
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jpeg.html
15.36
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json.html
79.09
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keyword.html
9.27
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language.html
12.35
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linecache.html
12.7
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locale.html
68.54
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logging.config.html
82.23
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logging.handlers.html
91.96
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logging.html
123.15
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mac.html
24.49
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macos.html
18.51
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macosa.html
14.55
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macostools.html
19.67
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macpath.html
9.19
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mailbox.html
185.53
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mailcap.html
15.3
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markup.html
20.37
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marshal.html
19.88
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math.html
50.52
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md5.html
16.65
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mhlib.html
30.04
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mimetools.html
23.84
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mimetypes.html
35.82
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mimewriter.html
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mimify.html
16.96
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miniaeframe.html
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misc.html
7.77
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mm.html
10.19
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mmap.html
33.52
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modulefinder.html
19.85
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modules.html
9.68
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msilib.html
72.78
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msvcrt.html
24.1
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multifile.html
28.82
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multiprocessing.html
423.97
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mutex.html
13.56
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netdata.html
19.28
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netrc.html
15.51
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new.html
16.1
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nis.html
13.19
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nntplib.html
51.08
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numbers.html
40.91
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numeric.html
14.85
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operator.html
118.32
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optparse.html
251.08
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os.html
270.49
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os.path.html
48.87
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ossaudiodev.html
49.79
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othergui.html
9.98
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parser.html
44.52
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pdb.html
41.44
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persistence.html
16.25
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pickle.html
107.94
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pickletools.html
13.21
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pipes.html
21.85
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pkgutil.html
30.59
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platform.html
40.14
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plistlib.html
20.96
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popen2.html
30.13
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poplib.html
27.93
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posix.html
17.27
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posixfile.html
23.68
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pprint.html
36.42
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profile.html
76.65
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pty.html
11.42
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pwd.html
13.53
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py_compile.html
13.33
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pyclbr.html
18.14
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pydoc.html
14.33
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pyexpat.html
93.28
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python.html
13.53
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queue.html
29.64
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quopri.html
14.5
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random.html
47.78
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re.html
163.11
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readline.html
41.2
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repr.html
24.57
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resource.html
30.86
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restricted.html
12.69
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rexec.html
43.59
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rfc822.html
51.25
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rlcompleter.html
15.29
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robotparser.html
15.01
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runpy.html
23.55
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sched.html
21.76
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scrolledtext.html
10.67
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select.html
50.17
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sets.html
39.92
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sgi.html
11.09
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sgmllib.html
38.77
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sha.html
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shelve.html
32.93
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shlex.html
38.43
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shutil.html
49.49
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signal.html
36.52
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simplehttpserver.html
21.57
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simplexmlrpcserver.html
40.41
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site.html
29
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smtpd.html
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smtplib.html
51.86
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sndhdr.html
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socket.html
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socketserver.html
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someos.html
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spwd.html
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sqlite3.html
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ssl.html
214.5
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stat.html
41.11
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statvfs.html
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stdtypes.html
309.83
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string.html
129.58
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stringio.html
21.1
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stringprep.html
21.4
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strings.html
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struct.html
47.68
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subprocess.html
117
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sun.html
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sunau.html
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sunaudio.html
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symbol.html
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symtable.html
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sys.html
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sysconfig.html
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syslog.html
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tabnanny.html
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tarfile.html
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telnetlib.html
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tempfile.html
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termios.html
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test.html
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textwrap.html
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thread.html
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threading.html
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time.html
65.55
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timeit.html
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tix.html
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tk.html
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tkinter.html
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token.html
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tokenize.html
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trace.html
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traceback.html
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ttk.html
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tty.html
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turtle.html
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types.html
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undoc.html
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unicodedata.html
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unittest.html
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unix.html
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urllib.html
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urllib2.html
128.77
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urlparse.html
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user.html
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userdict.html
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uu.html
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uuid.html
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warnings.html
51.86
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wave.html
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weakref.html
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webbrowser.html
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whichdb.html
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windows.html
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winsound.html
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wsgiref.html
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xdrlib.html
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xml.dom.html
110.39
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xml.dom.minidom.html
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xml.dom.pulldom.html
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xml.etree.elementtree.html
124.2
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xml.html
18.76
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xml.sax.handler.html
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xml.sax.html
26.04
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xml.sax.reader.html
51.4
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xml.sax.utils.html
18.11
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xmlrpclib.html
71.79
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zipfile.html
67.26
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zipimport.html
24.32
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zlib.html
34.41
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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.17.1: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" /> <title>18.1.9. email.utils: Miscellaneous utilities — Python 2.7.18 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css" /> <script data-url_root="../" id="documentation_options" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.18 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="18.1.10. email.iterators: Iterators" href="email.iterators.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="18.1.8. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes" href="email.errors.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="file:///usr/share/doc/python2.7/html/library/email.utils.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div id="outdated-warning" style="padding: .5em; text-align: center; background-color: #FFBABA; color: #6A0E0E;"> This document is for an old version of Python that is <a href="https://devguide.python.org/devcycle/#end-of-life-branches">no longer supported</a>. You should install the python3 and python3-doc packages and read the <a href="file:///usr/share/doc/python3-doc/html/library/email.utils.html"> Python documentation for the Python3 version packaged in this release</a>. </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.iterators.html" title="18.1.10. email.iterators: Iterators" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.errors.html" title="18.1.8. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.18 documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-2"><a href="netdata.html" ><span class="section-number">18. </span>Internet Data Handling</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-3"><a href="email.html" accesskey="U"><span class="section-number">18.1. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a> »</li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href=""><span class="section-number">18.1.9. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code>: Miscellaneous utilities</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="module-email.utils"> <span id="email-utils-miscellaneous-utilities"></span><h1><span class="section-number">18.1.9. </span><a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.utils" title="email.utils: Miscellaneous email package utilities."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code></a>: Miscellaneous utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#module-email.utils" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>There are several useful utilities provided in the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-email.utils" title="email.utils: Miscellaneous email package utilities."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.utils</span></code></a> module:</p> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.quote"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">quote</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">str</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.quote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a new string with backslashes in <em>str</em> replaced by two backslashes, and double quotes replaced by backslash-double quote.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.unquote"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">unquote</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">str</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.unquote" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Return a new string which is an <em>unquoted</em> version of <em>str</em>. If <em>str</em> ends and begins with double quotes, they are stripped off. Likewise if <em>str</em> ends and begins with angle brackets, they are stripped off.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.parseaddr"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">parseaddr</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">address</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.parseaddr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Parse address – which should be the value of some address-containing field such as <em class="mailheader">To</em> or <em class="mailheader">Cc</em> – into its constituent <em>realname</em> and <em>email address</em> parts. Returns a tuple of that information, unless the parse fails, in which case a 2-tuple of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">('',</span> <span class="pre">'')</span></code> is returned.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.formataddr"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">formataddr</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">pair</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.formataddr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>The inverse of <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.parseaddr" title="email.utils.parseaddr"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parseaddr()</span></code></a>, this takes a 2-tuple of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(realname,</span> <span class="pre">email_address)</span></code> and returns the string value suitable for a <em class="mailheader">To</em> or <em class="mailheader">Cc</em> header. If the first element of <em>pair</em> is false, then the second element is returned unmodified.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.getaddresses"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">getaddresses</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fieldvalues</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.getaddresses" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>This method returns a list of 2-tuples of the form returned by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parseaddr()</span></code>. <em>fieldvalues</em> is a sequence of header field values as might be returned by <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message.get_all" title="email.message.Message.get_all"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message.get_all</span></code></a>. Here’s a simple example that gets all the recipients of a message:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">email.utils</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">getaddresses</span> <span class="n">tos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'to'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span> <span class="n">ccs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'cc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span> <span class="n">resent_tos</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'resent-to'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span> <span class="n">resent_ccs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">msg</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'resent-cc'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">[])</span> <span class="n">all_recipients</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">getaddresses</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tos</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">ccs</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">resent_tos</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">resent_ccs</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.parsedate"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">parsedate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">date</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.parsedate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Attempts to parse a date according to the rules in <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>. however, some mailers don’t follow that format as specified, so <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.parsedate" title="email.utils.parsedate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parsedate()</span></code></a> tries to guess correctly in such cases. <em>date</em> is a string containing an <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a> date, such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"Mon,</span> <span class="pre">20</span> <span class="pre">Nov</span> <span class="pre">1995</span> <span class="pre">19:12:08</span> <span class="pre">-0500"</span></code>. If it succeeds in parsing the date, <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.parsedate" title="email.utils.parsedate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parsedate()</span></code></a> returns a 9-tuple that can be passed directly to <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.mktime" title="time.mktime"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.mktime()</span></code></a>; otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> will be returned. Note that indexes 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.parsedate_tz"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">parsedate_tz</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">date</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.parsedate_tz" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Performs the same function as <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.parsedate" title="email.utils.parsedate"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parsedate()</span></code></a>, but returns either <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> or a 10-tuple; the first 9 elements make up a tuple that can be passed directly to <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.mktime" title="time.mktime"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.mktime()</span></code></a>, and the tenth is the offset of the date’s timezone from UTC (which is the official term for Greenwich Mean Time) <a class="footnote-reference brackets" href="#id2" id="id1">1</a>. If the input string has no timezone, the last element of the tuple returned is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>. Note that indexes 6, 7, and 8 of the result tuple are not usable.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.mktime_tz"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">mktime_tz</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">tuple</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.mktime_tz" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Turn a 10-tuple as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.parsedate_tz" title="email.utils.parsedate_tz"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parsedate_tz()</span></code></a> into a UTC timestamp (seconds since the Epoch). If the timezone item in the tuple is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>, assume local time.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.formatdate"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">formatdate</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="pre">[timeval[,</span> <span class="pre">localtime][,</span> <span class="pre">usegmt]]</span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.formatdate" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a date string as per <span class="target" id="index-2"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>, e.g.:</p> <div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Fri</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">09</span> <span class="n">Nov</span> <span class="mi">2001</span> <span class="mi">01</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">08</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">47</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">0000</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Optional <em>timeval</em> if given is a floating point time value as accepted by <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.gmtime" title="time.gmtime"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.gmtime()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="time.html#time.localtime" title="time.localtime"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.localtime()</span></code></a>, otherwise the current time is used.</p> <p>Optional <em>localtime</em> is a flag that when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, interprets <em>timeval</em>, and returns a date relative to the local timezone instead of UTC, properly taking daylight savings time into account. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> meaning UTC is used.</p> <p>Optional <em>usegmt</em> is a flag that when <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code>, outputs a date string with the timezone as an ascii string <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GMT</span></code>, rather than a numeric <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-0000</span></code>. This is needed for some protocols (such as HTTP). This only applies when <em>localtime</em> is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>. The default is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code>.</p> <div class="versionadded"> <p><span class="versionmodified added">New in version 2.4.</span></p> </div> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.make_msgid"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">make_msgid</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">idstring</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.make_msgid" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Returns a string suitable for an <span class="target" id="index-3"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>-compliant <em class="mailheader">Message-ID</em> header. Optional <em>idstring</em> if given, is a string used to strengthen the uniqueness of the message id.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.decode_rfc2231"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">decode_rfc2231</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.decode_rfc2231" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Decode the string <em>s</em> according to <span class="target" id="index-4"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.encode_rfc2231"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">encode_rfc2231</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">s</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">charset</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">language</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.encode_rfc2231" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Encode the string <em>s</em> according to <span class="target" id="index-5"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>. Optional <em>charset</em> and <em>language</em>, if given is the character set name and language name to use. If neither is given, <em>s</em> is returned as-is. If <em>charset</em> is given but <em>language</em> is not, the string is encoded using the empty string for <em>language</em>.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">collapse_rfc2231_value</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">value</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">errors</span></span></em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">fallback_charset</span></span></em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>When a header parameter is encoded in <span class="target" id="index-6"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> format, <a class="reference internal" href="email.message.html#email.message.Message.get_param" title="email.message.Message.get_param"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Message.get_param</span></code></a> may return a 3-tuple containing the character set, language, and value. <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value" title="email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collapse_rfc2231_value()</span></code></a> turns this into a unicode string. Optional <em>errors</em> is passed to the <em>errors</em> argument of the built-in <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#unicode" title="unicode"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode()</span></code></a> function; it defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">replace</span></code>. Optional <em>fallback_charset</em> specifies the character set to use if the one in the <span class="target" id="index-7"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a> header is not known by Python; it defaults to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">us-ascii</span></code>.</p> <p>For convenience, if the <em>value</em> passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value" title="email.utils.collapse_rfc2231_value"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collapse_rfc2231_value()</span></code></a> is not a tuple, it should be a string and it is returned unquoted.</p> </dd></dl> <dl class="py function"> <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="email.utils.decode_params"> <span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">email.utils.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">decode_params</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">params</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#email.utils.decode_params" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt> <dd><p>Decode parameters list according to <span class="target" id="index-8"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2231.html"><strong>RFC 2231</strong></a>. <em>params</em> is a sequence of 2-tuples containing elements of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">(content-type,</span> <span class="pre">string-value)</span></code>.</p> </dd></dl> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dump_address_pair()</span></code> function has been removed; use <a class="reference internal" href="#email.utils.formataddr" title="email.utils.formataddr"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formataddr()</span></code></a> instead.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decode()</span></code> function has been removed; use the <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Header.decode_header</span></code> method instead.</p> </div> <div class="versionchanged"> <p><span class="versionmodified changed">Changed in version 2.4: </span>The <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">encode()</span></code> function has been removed; use the <a class="reference internal" href="email.header.html#email.header.Header.encode" title="email.header.Header.encode"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Header.encode</span></code></a> method instead.</p> </div> <p class="rubric">Footnotes</p> <dl class="footnote brackets"> <dt class="label" id="id2"><span class="brackets"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">1</a></span></dt> <dd><p>Note that the sign of the timezone offset is the opposite of the sign of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.timezone</span></code> variable for the same timezone; the latter variable follows the POSIX standard while this module follows <span class="target" id="index-9"></span><a class="rfc reference external" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822.html"><strong>RFC 2822</strong></a>.</p> </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="email.errors.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">18.1.8. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.errors</span></code>: Exception and Defect classes</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="email.iterators.html" title="next chapter"><span class="section-number">18.1.10. </span><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email.iterators</span></code>: Iterators</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/email.utils.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false"/> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> </div> <script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.iterators.html" title="18.1.10. email.iterators: Iterators" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="email.errors.html" title="18.1.8. email.errors: Exception and Defect classes" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; 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